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We prove that three strategy video games from the Sid Meier's Civilization series: Sid Meier's Civilization: Beyond Earth, Sid Meier's Civilization V, and Sid Meier's Civilization VI, are Turing complete. We achieve this by building three…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Adrian de Wynter

We prove the decidability for a class of languages which extend BST and NP-completeness for a subclass of them. The languages BST extended with unordered cartesian product, BST extended with ordered cartesian product and BST extended with…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-09-01 Pietro Ursino

In this report we generalize the game of Book or Band described in Levin (2024) to an arbitrary playing deck with $m$ ranks and $s$ cards in each rank, for a total of $t=ms$ cards. Two events (a band or a bump) are defined in terms of given…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-08-29 Bruce Levin

The $3$-colourability problem is a well-known NP-complete problem and it remains NP-complete for $bull$-free graphs, where $bull$ is the graph consisting of $K_3$ with two pendant edges attached to two of its vertices. In this paper we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-22 Nadzieja Hodur , Monika Pilśniak , Magdalena Prorok , Ingo Schiermeyer

The main challenge of combinatorial game theory is to handle combinatorial chaos, if one player knows the strategy better than his opponent, he is able to determine the exact results of a game. If both players are qualified competitor, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Junan Pan

The pinch-off of an axisymmetric air bubble surrounded by an inviscid fluid is compared in four physical realizations: (i) cavity collapse in the wake of an impacting disc, (ii) gas bubbles injected through a small orifice, (iii) bubble…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2009-12-14 Stephan Gekle , Devaraj van der Meer , Jacco H. Snoeijer , Detlef Lohse

We prove that it is NP-complete to determine whether there exists a distance-2 edge coloring (strong edge coloring) with 5 colors of a bipartite 2-inductive graph with girth 6 and maximum degree 3.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jeff Erickson , Shripad Thite , David P. Bunde

We characterize all the pairs of complementary non-homogenous Beatty sequences $(A_n)_{n\ge 0}$ and $(B_n)_{n\ge 0}$ for which there exists an invariant game having exactly $\{(A_n,B_n)\mid n\ge 0\}\cup \{(B_n,A_n)\mid n\ge 0\}$ as set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-12-10 Julien Cassaigne , Eric Duchêne , Michel Rigo

We study the complexity of the popular one player combinatorial game known as Flood-It. In this game the player is given an n by n board of tiles where each tile is allocated one of c colours. The goal is to make the colours of all tiles…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-06-10 Raphael Clifford , Markus Jalsenius , Ashley Montanaro , Benjamin Sach

Consider a vertex colouring game played on a simple graph with $k$ permissible colours. Two players, a maker and a breaker, take turns to colour an uncoloured vertex such that adjacent vertices receive different colours. The game ends once…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Dominique Andres , Edwin Lock

In this paper we study the complexity of strategic argumentation for dialogue games. A dialogue game is a 2-player game where the parties play arguments. We show how to model dialogue games in a skeptical, non-monotonic formalism, and we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-12-17 Guido Governatori , Francesco Olivieri , Simone Scannapieco , Antonino Rotolo , Matteo Cristani

We study the long-term behavior of the fictitious play process in repeated extensive-form games of imperfect information with perfect recall. Each player maintains incorrect beliefs that the moves at all information sets, except the one at…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Jason Castiglione , Gürdal Arslan

This paper provides a brief write-up showing that for any finite state game, a disjunctive number $x$ will eventually win that game. The proof techniques here are well known and this result follows immediately from folklore results in graph…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-12-30 C. Evans Hedges

The graph coloring game is a famous two-player game (re)introduced by Bodlaender in $1991$. Given a graph $G$ and $k \in \mathbb{N}$, Alice and Bob alternately (starting with Alice) color an uncolored vertex with some color in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Caroline Brosse , Nicolas Martins , Nicolas Nisse , Rudini Sampaio

We prove RE-completeness (and thus undecidability) of several 2D games in the Super Mario Bros. platform video game series: the New Super Mario Bros. series (original, Wii, U, and 2), and both Super Mario Maker games in all five game styles…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-20 MIT Hardness Group , Hayashi Ani , Erik D. Demaine , Holden Hall , Ricardo Ruiz , Naveen Venkat

Open-world video games present a broader search space than other video games, posing challenges for test automation. Fuzzing, which generates new inputs by mutating an initial input, is commonly used to uncover issues. In this study, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yusaku Kato , Norihiro Yoshida , Erina Makihara , Katsuro Inoue

In this paper we analyze classical Maker-Breaker games played on the edge set of a sparse random board $G\sim \gnp$. We consider the Hamiltonicity game, the perfect matching game and the $k$-connectivity game. We prove that for $p(n)\geq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-16 Dennis Clemens , Asaf Ferber , Michael Krivelevich , Anita Liebenau

A graph G is dually chordal if there is a spanning tree T of G such that any maximal clique of G induces a subtree in T. This paper investigates the Colourability problem on dually chordal graphs. It will show that it is NP-complete in case…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-11-14 Arne Leitert

The study of the combinatorial game Nim and its variants is rich and varied, but little is known of the game Nim with a Pass. It is Nim, but once per game a player is permitted to skip their turn but this can only be done if a nonempty pile…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-22 Emet Hirsch

We prove that Arithmetical Comprehension is equivalent to the determinacy of all clopen integer games in which each player has at most two moves per turn.

Logic · Mathematics 2025-10-15 Juan Pablo Aguilera , Thibaut Kouptchinsky