English
Related papers

Related papers: On the Interpretability of Conditional Probability…

200 papers

Consider a multi-class labelling problem, where the labels can take values in $[k]$, and a predictor predicts a distribution over the labels. In this work, we study the following foundational question: Are there notions of multi-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Parikshit Gopalan , Lunjia Hu , Guy N. Rothblum

Conditional acceptability refers to how plausible a conditional statement is perceived to be. It plays an important role in communication and reasoning, as it influences how individuals interpret implications, assess arguments, and make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jasmin Orth , Philipp Mondorf , Barbara Plank

Fueled by discussions around "trustworthiness" and algorithmic fairness, calibration of predictive systems has regained scholars attention. The vanilla definition and understanding of calibration is, simply put, on all days on which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Rabanus Derr , Jessie Finocchiaro , Robert C. Williamson

The assessment of binary classifier performance traditionally centers on discriminative ability using metrics, such as accuracy. However, these metrics often disregard the model's inherent uncertainty, especially when dealing with sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Agathe Fernandes Machado , Arthur Charpentier , Emmanuel Flachaire , Ewen Gallic , François Hu

Survival analysis deals with modeling the time until an event occurs, and accurate probability estimates are crucial for decision-making, particularly in the competing-risks setting where multiple events are possible. While recent work has…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Julie Alberge , Tristan Haugomat , Gaël Varoquaux , Judith Abécassis

Most classifiers operate by selecting the maximum of an estimate of the conditional distribution $p(y|x)$ where $x$ stands for the features of the instance to be classified and $y$ denotes its label. This often results in a {\em hubristic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-01 Yotam Hechtlinger , Barnabás Póczos , Larry Wasserman

Modern image classifiers are very accurate, but the predictions come without uncertainty estimates. Conformal predictors provide uncertainty estimates by computing a set of classes containing the correct class with a user-specified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Fatih Furkan Yilmaz , Reinhard Heckel

In the context of computer models, calibration is the process of estimating unknown simulator parameters from observational data. Calibration is variously referred to as model fitting, parameter estimation/inference, an inverse problem, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-16 Richard D. Wilkinson , Christopher W. Lanyon

We extend the method of conformal prediction beyond the case relying on labeled calibration data. Replacing the calibration scores by suitable estimates, we identify conformity sets $C$ for classification and regression models that rely on…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-15 Jonas Flechsig , Maximilian Pilz

Overconfidence and underconfidence in machine learning classifiers is measured by calibration: the degree to which the probabilities predicted for each class match the accuracy of the classifier on that prediction. How one measures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Jeremy Nixon , Mike Dusenberry , Ghassen Jerfel , Timothy Nguyen , Jeremiah Liu , Linchuan Zhang , Dustin Tran

We study three notions of uncertainty quantification -- calibration, confidence intervals and prediction sets -- for binary classification in the distribution-free setting, that is without making any distributional assumptions on the data.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-17 Chirag Gupta , Aleksandr Podkopaev , Aaditya Ramdas

In this paper, we study a bi-criterion framework for assessing scoring functions in the context of binary classification. The positive and negative predictive values (ppv and npv, respectively) are conditional probabilities of the true…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-13 Keshav Vemuri , Nathan Srebro

Complex performance measures, beyond the popular measure of accuracy, are increasingly being used in the context of binary classification. These complex performance measures are typically not even decomposable, that is, the loss evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-05 Bowei Yan , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Kai Zhong , Pradeep Ravikumar

Forecasts for uncertain future events should be probabilistic. Probabilistic forecasts are commonly issued as prediction intervals, which provide a measure of uncertainty in the unknown outcome whilst being easier to understand and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Sam Allen , Julia Burnello , Johanna Ziegel

Propensity scores are commonly used to estimate treatment effects from observational data. We argue that the probabilistic output of a learned propensity score model should be calibrated -- i.e., a predictive treatment probability of 90%…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Shachi Deshpande , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Given a finite collection of probability measures defined on subsets of a measurable space, how can we determine if they are compatible, in the sense that they can be realized as conditional distributions of a single probability measure on…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Owen D. Biesel , Colin McSwiggen , Ted Theodosopoulos , Michael G. Titelbaum

All scientific interpretations of statistical outputs depend on background (auxiliary) assumptions that are rarely delineated or explicitly interrogated. These include not only the usual modeling assumptions, but also deeper assumptions…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-01 Sander Greenland , Zad Rafi , Robert Matthews , Megan Higgs

We show on theoretical grounds that, even in the presence of noise, probabilistic measurement strategies (which have a certain probability of failure or abstention) can provide, upon a heralded successful outcome, estimates with a precision…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-27 J. Calsamiglia , B. Gendra , R. Munoz-Tapia , E. Bagan

We propose a novel approach for estimating conditional or parametric expectations in the setting where obtaining samples or evaluating integrands is costly. Through the framework of probabilistic numerical methods (such as Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Zonghao Chen , Masha Naslidnyk , Arthur Gretton , François-Xavier Briol

A fundamental task in statistical learning is quantifying the joint dependence or association between two continuous random variables. We introduce a novel, fully non-parametric measure that assesses the degree of association between…