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We propose an evaluation framework for class probability estimates (CPEs) in the presence of label uncertainty, which is commonly observed as diagnosis disagreement between experts in the medical domain. We also formalize evaluation metrics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-23 Takahiro Mimori , Keiko Sasada , Hirotaka Matsui , Issei Sato

Calibration is a conditional property that depends on the information retained by a predictor. We develop decomposition identities for arbitrary proper losses that make this dependence explicit. At any information level $\mathcal A$, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Arthur Charpentier , Agathe Fernandes Machado

Calibration refers to the estimation of unknown parameters which are present in computer experiments but not available in physical experiments. An accurate estimation of these parameters is important because it provides a scientific…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-21 Chih-Li Sung , Ying Hung , William Rittase , Cheng Zhu , C. F. Jeff Wu

Discovery of an accurate causal Bayesian network structure from observational data can be useful in many areas of science. Often the discoveries are made under uncertainty, which can be expressed as probabilities. To guide the use of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-27 Fattaneh Jabbari , Mahdi Pakdaman Naeini , Gregory F. Cooper

We discuss conditionalisation for Accept-Desirability models in an abstract decision-making framework, where uncertain rewards live in a general linear space, and events are special projection operators on that linear space. This abstract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Kathelijne Coussement , Gert de Cooman , Keano De Vos

Uncertainty representation and quantification are paramount in machine learning and constitute an important prerequisite for safety-critical applications. In this paper, we propose novel measures for the quantification of aleatoric and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Paul Hofman , Yusuf Sale , Eyke Hüllermeier

In typical machine learning systems, an estimate of the probability of the prediction is used to assess the system's confidence in the prediction. This confidence measure is usually uncalibrated; i.e.\ the system's confidence in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Leonard Adolphs , Rajarshi Das , Mrinmaya Sachan

Probabilistic forecasts must sum to unity and cannot express ``I don't know.'' Possibility theory relaxes this constraint: a subnormal distribution explicitly measures how much of the plausibility budget remains unassigned, ignorance signal…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-03 John R. Lawson

We introduce and study the problem of calibrating conditional risk, which involves estimating the expected loss of a prediction model conditional on input features. We analyze this problem in both classification and regression settings and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Andrey Vasilyev , Yikai Wang , Xiaocheng Li , Guanting Chen

The combination of argumentation and probability paves the way to new accounts of qualitative and quantitative uncertainty, thereby offering new theoretical and applicative opportunities. Due to a variety of interests, probabilistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Regis Riveret , Pietro Baroni , Yang Gao , Guido Governatori , Antonino Rotolo , Giovanni Sartor

Calibration measures quantify how much a forecaster's predictions violates calibration, which requires that forecasts are unbiased conditioning on the forecasted probabilities. Two important desiderata for a calibration measure are its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Mingda Qiao , Eric Zhao

A general notion of algebraic conditional plausibility measures is defined. Probability measures, ranking functions, possibility measures, and (under the appropriate definitions) sets of probability measures can all be viewed as defining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-16 Joseph Y. Halpern

We initiate the study of the truthfulness of calibration measures in sequential prediction. A calibration measure is said to be truthful if the forecaster (approximately) minimizes the expected penalty by predicting the conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Nika Haghtalab , Mingda Qiao , Kunhe Yang , Eric Zhao

In causal inference, sensitivity models assess how unmeasured confounders could alter causal analyses, but the sensitivity parameter -- which quantifies the degree of unmeasured confounding -- is often difficult to interpret. For this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Alec McClean , Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy

Recent authors have proposed analyzing conditional reasoning through a notion of intervention on a simulation program, and have found a sound and complete axiomatization of the logic of conditionals in this setting. Here we extend this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Duligur Ibeling

When providing probabilistic forecasts for uncertain future events, it is common to strive for calibrated forecasts, that is, the predictive distribution should be compatible with the observed outcomes. Several notions of calibration are…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-21 Christof Strähl , Johanna F. Ziegel

A general notion of algebraic conditional plausibility measures is defined. Probability measures, ranking functions, possibility measures, and (under the appropriate definitions) sets of probability measures can all be viewed as defining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Joseph Y. Halpern

When learning from positive and unlabelled data, it is a strong assumption that the positive observations are randomly sampled from the distribution of $X$ conditional on $Y = 1$, where X stands for the feature and Y the label. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Fengxiang He , Tongliang Liu , Geoffrey I Webb , Dacheng Tao

Probabilities or confidence values produced by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models often do not reflect their true accuracy, with some models being under or over confident in their predictions. For example, if a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Richard Oliver Lane

What does it mean to say that, for example, the probability for rain tomorrow is between 20% and 30%? The theory for the evaluation of precise probabilistic forecasts is well-developed and is grounded in the key concepts of proper scoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Christian Fröhlich , Robert C. Williamson