Related papers: Physical basis of critical analysis
In high-energy physics (HEP), both the exclusion and discovery of new theories depend not only on the acquisition of high-quality experimental data but also on the rigorous application of statistical methods. These methods provide…
Studying extreme events and how they evolve in a changing climate is one of the most important current scientific challenges. Starting from complex climate models, a key difficulty is to be able to run long enough simulations in order to…
Anomaly detection is the task of identifying examples that do not behave as expected. Because anomalies are rare and unexpected events, collecting real anomalous examples is often challenging in several applications. In addition, learning…
A statistical approach based on the Weisskopf evaporation theory has been developed to describe the de-excitation process of highly excited heavy and superheavy nuclei, in particular for the proton-rich nuclei. The excited nucleus is cooled…
The statistics of signal increments are commonly used in order to test for possible intermittent properties in experimental or synthetic data. However, for signals with steep power spectra [i.e., $E(\omega) \sim \omega^{-n}$ with $n \geq…
This chapter presents an introduction to robust statistics with applications of a chemometric nature. Following a description of the basic ideas and concepts behind robust statistics, including how robust estimators can be conceived, the…
A Bayesian analysis of the probability of a signal in the presence of background is developed, and criteria are proposed for claiming evidence for, or the discovery of a signal. The method is general and in particular applicable to sparsely…
First, we present a concise glossary of formulas for composition of standard, cumulant, factorial, and factorial cumulant moments in superposition (compound) models, where final particles are created via independent emission from a…
High-energy particle decays naturally realise informationally weak measurements of quantum spin. Decay kinematics act as continuous pointer variables whose overlapping angular distributions encode partial, non-projective information about…
An analytical relationship between the statistical significance of an observed signal and the signal width in case of a large background was obtained. It can help to explain why high-energy experiments may have different conclusions on the…
We discuss the conditions under which Scan Statistics can be fruitfully implemented to signal a departure from the underlying probability model that describes the experimental data. It is shown that local perturbations (``bumps'' or…
During the coming decade, high energy physics experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron and around the globe will use very sophisticated equipment to record unprecedented amounts of data in the hope of making major discoveries that may unravel…
Statistical moments of particle multiplicities in heavy-ion collision experiments are an important probe in the exploration of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter and, particularly, in the search for the QCD critical end point.…
Several non-threshold reactions which may be used to detect the cosmic neutrino background are presented. The corresponding cross sections are calculated analytically within the Standard Model. These reactions are sensitive not only to the…
Given measurements from sensors and a set of standard forces, an optimization based approach to identify weakness in structures is introduced. The key novelty lies in letting the load and measurements to be random variables. Subsequently…
We consider a separation problem where the observation consists of the sum of a high amplitude smooth signal and a low amplitude transient signal. We propose a method for decomposition that relies on solving instances of a `constrained…
Multiple metrics have been developed to detect causality relations between data describing the elements constituting complex systems, all of them considering their evolution through time. Here we propose a metric able to detect causality…
All experimental measurements of particle physics today are beautifully described by the Standard Model. However, there are good reasons to believe that new physics may be just around the corner at the TeV energy scale. This energy range is…
We propose partial measurements as a conceptual tool to understand how to operate with counterfactual claims in quantum physics. Indeed, unlike standard von Neumann measurements, partial measurements can be reversed probabilistically. We…
Objective: To characterize the irregularity of the spectrum of a signal, spectral entropy is a widely adopted measure. However, such a metric is invariant under any permutation of the estimations of the powers of individual frequency…