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In this paper, we prove that every 3-chromatic connected graph, except $C_7$, admits a 3-vertex coloring in which every vertex is the beginning of a 3-chromatic path. It is a special case of a conjecture due to S.~Akbari, F.~Khaghanpoor,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-04 Bessy Stéphane , Bousquet Nicolas

A directed graph $G$ is $\textit{intrinsically linked}$ if every embedding of that graph contains a non-split link $L$, where each component of $L$ is a consistently oriented cycle in $G$. A $\textit{tournament}$ is a directed graph where…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-01-14 Thomas Fleming , Joel Foisy

In the Steiner Path Aggregation Problem, our goal is to aggregate paths in a directed network into a single arborescence without significantly disrupting the paths. In particular, we are given a directed multigraph with colored arcs, a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Da Qi Chen , Daniel Hathcock , D Ellis Hershkowitz , R. Ravi

For a set F of finite tournaments, the F-free orientation problem is the problem of deciding if a given finite undirected graph can be oriented in such a way that the resulting oriented graph does not contain any member of F. Using the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Roman Feller , Michael Pinsker

We introduce a general method for obtaining fixed-parameter algorithms for problems about finding paths in undirected graphs, where the length of the path could be unbounded in the parameter. The first application of our method is as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Fedor V. Fomin , Petr A. Golovach , Tuukka Korhonen , Kirill Simonov , Giannos Stamoulis

A digraph $D$ is called \emph{path extendable} if for every nonhamiltonian (directed) path $P$ in $D$, there exists another path $P^\prime$ with the same initial and terminal vertices as $P$, and $V(P^\prime) = V (P)\cup \{w\}$ for a vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-01 Zan-Bo Zhang , Weihua He , Hajo Broersma , Xiaoyan Zhang

The Erd\H{o}s-Szekeres Theorem stated in terms of graphs says that any red-blue coloring of the edges of the ordered complete graph $K_{rs+1}$ contains a red copy of the monotone increasing path with $r$ edges or a blue copy of the monotone…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-22 József Balogh , Felix Christian Clemen , Emily Heath , Mikhail Lavrov

In this short note we prove that every tournament contains the $k$-th power of a directed path of linear length. This improves upon recent results of Yuster and of Gir\~ao. We also give a complete solution for this problem when $k=2$,…

The classical result in the theory of random graphs, proved by Erdos and Renyi in 1960, concerns the threshold for the appearance of the giant component in the random graph process. We consider a variant of this problem, with a Ramsey…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-08-19 Tom Bohman , Alan Frieze , Michael Krivelevich , Po-Shen Loh , Benny Sudakov

An oriented graph is a directed graph with no bi-directed edges, i.e. if $xy$ is an edge then $yx$ is not an edge. The oriented size Ramsey number of an oriented graph $H$, denoted by $r(H)$, is the minimum $m$ for which there exists an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-12-08 Shoham Letzter , Benny Sudakov

Ramsey Theory deals with avoiding certain patterns. When constructing an instance that avoids one pattern, it is observed that other patterns emerge. For example, repetition emerges when avoiding arithmetic progression (Van der Waerden…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Zhenjun Liu , Leroy Chew , Marijn Heule

For graphs $G_1, G_2, G_3$, the three-color Ramsey number $R(G_1,$ $G_2, G_3)$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that if we arbitrarily color the edges of the complete graph of order $n$ with 3 colors, then it contains a monochromatic copy…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-29 Janusz Dybizbański , Tomasz Dzido , Stanisław Radziszowski

Denote by $R(G_1, G_2, G_3)$ the minimum integer $N$ such that any three-colouring of the edges of the complete graph on $N$ vertices contains a monochromatic copy of a graph $G_i$ coloured with colour $i$ for some $i\in{1,2,3}$. In a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-31 David G. Ferguson

Considering a natural generalization of the Ruzsa-Szemer\'edi problem, we prove that for any fixed positive integers $r,s$ with $r<s$, there are graphs on $n$ vertices containing $n^{r}e^{-O(\sqrt{\log{n}})}=n^{r-o(1)}$ copies of $K_s$ such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-28 W. T. Gowers , Barnabás Janzer

Consider the following probabilistic one-player game: The board is a graph with $n$ vertices, which initially contains no edges. In each step, a new edge is drawn uniformly at random from all non-edges and is presented to the player,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-11-20 Michael Belfrage , Torsten Mütze , Reto Spöhel

A cornerstone result of Erd\H os, Ginzburg, and Ziv (EGZ) states that any sequence of $2n-1$ elements in $\mathbb{Z}/n$ contains a zero-sum subsequence of length $n$. While algebraic techniques have predominated in deriving many deep…

For an arc-colored digraph $D$, define its {\em kernel by rainbow paths} to be a set $S$ of vertices such that (i) no two vertices of $S$ are connected by a rainbow path in $D$, and (ii) every vertex outside $S$ can reach $S$ by a rainbow…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-03-13 Yandong Bai , Binlong Li , Shenggui Zhang

Given two graphs $G$ and $H$, the online Ramsey number $\tilde{r}(G,H)$ is defined to be the minimum number of rounds that Builder can always guarantee a win in the following $(G, H)$-online Ramsey game between Builder and Painter. Starting…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-20 Ruyu Song , Sha Wang , Yanbo Zhang

This paper is a survey of results and problems related to the following question: is it true that if G is a tournament with sufficiently large chromatic number, then G has two vertex-disjoint subtournaments A,B, both with large chromatic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-25 Tung Nguyen , Alex Scott , Paul Seymour

We study a Tur\'an-type problem on edge-colored complete graphs. We show that for any $r$ and $t$, any sufficiently large $r$-edge-colored complete graph on $n$ vertices with $\Omega(n^{2-1/tr^r})$ edges in each color contains a member from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-16 Matt Bowen , Adriana Hansberg , Amanda Montejano , Alp Müyesser