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We study cube-free words over arbitrary non-unary finite alphabets and prove the following structural property: for every pair $(u,v)$ of $d$-ary cube-free words, if $u$ can be infinitely extended to the right and $v$ can be infinitely…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Elena A. Petrova , Arseny M. Shur

In this paper, we investigate the structure of the most general kind of substitution shifts, including non-minimal ones, and allowing erasing morphisms. We prove the decidability of many properties of these morphisms with respect to the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-04-03 Marie-Pierre Béal , Dominique Perrin , Antonio Restivo

Circular words are cyclically ordered finite sequences of letters. We give a computer-free proof of the following result by Currie: square-free circular words over the ternary alphabet exist for all lengths $l$ except for 5, 7, 9, 10, 14,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-10-26 Arseny M. Shur

An interesting phenomenon in combinatorics on words is when every recurrent word satisfying some avoidance constraints has the same factor set as a morphic word. An early example is the Hall-Thue word, fixed point of the morphism…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Golnaz Badkobeh , Pascal Ochem

We enumerate all ternary length-l square-free words, which are words avoiding squares of words up to length l, for l<=24. We analyse the singular behaviour of the corresponding generating functions. This leads to new upper entropy bounds…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Christoph Richard , Uwe Grimm

We re-examine previous constructions of infinite binary words containing few distinct squares with the goal of finding the "simplest", in a certain sense. We exhibit several new constructions. Rather than using tedious case-based arguments…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Daniel Gabric , Jeffrey Shallit

We study a question of Harju from 2019 regarding the existence of infinite ternary square-free words whose subsequences modulo $p$ and $q$ are also square-free for relatively prime integers $p$ and $q$. Among such pairs $(p, q)$ with $p, q…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Thomas Delépine , Pascal Ochem , Matthieu Rosenfeld

A tangram is a word in which every letter occurs an even number of times. Thus it can be cut into parts that can be arranged into two identical words. The \emph{cut number} of a tangram is the minimum number of required cuts in this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-16 Pascal Ochem , Théo Pierron

A graph $G = (V, E)$ is word-representable, if there exists a word w over the alphabet V such that for letters ${x, y} \in V$ , $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. In this paper, we prove that any non-empty…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Biswajit Das , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

We start by considering binary words containing the minimum possible numbers of squares and antisquares (where an antisquare is a word of the form $x \overline{x}$), and we completely classify which possibilities can occur. We consider…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Tim Ng , Pascal Ochem , Narad Rampersad , Jeffrey Shallit

We consider words over a binary alphabet. A word $w$ is overlap-free if it does not have factors (blocks of consecutive letters) of the form $uvuvu$ for nonempty $u$. Let $M(w)$ denote the number of positions that are middle positions of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-11 Tero Harju

A $4^-$-power is a non-empty word of the form $XXXX^-$, where $X^-$ is obtained from $X$ by erasing the last letter. A binary word is called {\em faux-bonacci} if it contains no $4^-$-powers, and no factor 11. We show that faux-bonacci…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-23 James D. Currie , Narad Rampersad

A word is square-free if it does not contain any square (a word of the form $XX$), and is extremal square-free if it cannot be extended to a new square-free word by inserting a single letter at any position. Grytczuk, Kordulewski, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-07 Letong Hong , Shengtong Zhang

In this note we give a simple unifying proof of the undecidability of several diagrammatic properties of term rewriting systems that include: local confluence, strong confluence, diamond property, subcommutative property, and the existence…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-10-22 António Malheiro , Paulo Guilherme Santos

We show that every morphism from a degree 5 hypersurface in 4-dimensional projective space to a nonsingular degree 3 hypersurface in 4-dimensional projective space is necessarily constant. In the process, we also classify morphisms from the…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 David Sheppard

We consider avoiding squares and overlaps over the natural numbers, using a greedy algorithm that chooses the least possible integer at each step; the word generated is lexicographically least among all such infinite words. In the case of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-04-12 Mathieu Guay-Paquet , Jeffrey Shallit

In our previous works we have classified real non-singular cubic hypersurfaces in the 5-dimensional projective space up to equivalence that includes both real projective transformations and continuous variations of coefficients preserving…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-03-10 Sergey Finashin , Viatcheslav Kharlamov

We review the recent progress in the investigation of powerfree words, with particular emphasis on binary cubefree and ternary squarefree words. Besides various bounds on the entropy, we provide bounds on letter frequencies and consider…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-11-14 Uwe Grimm , Manuela Heuer

Improved upper and lower bounds on the number of square-free ternary words are obtained. The upper bound is based on the enumeration of square-free ternary words up to length 110. The lower bound is derived by constructing generalised…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Uwe Grimm

We begin a systematic study of the relations between subword complexity of infinite words and their power avoidance. Among other things, we show that -- the Thue-Morse word has the minimum possible subword complexity over all overlap-free…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Jeffrey Shallit , Arseny M. Shur