English

Avoiding Squares and Overlaps Over the Natural Numbers

Combinatorics 2009-04-12 v1 Formal Languages and Automata Theory

Abstract

We consider avoiding squares and overlaps over the natural numbers, using a greedy algorithm that chooses the least possible integer at each step; the word generated is lexicographically least among all such infinite words. In the case of avoiding squares, the word is 01020103..., the familiar ruler function, and is generated by iterating a uniform morphism. The case of overlaps is more challenging. We give an explicitly-defined morphism phi : N* -> N* that generates the lexicographically least infinite overlap-free word by iteration. Furthermore, we show that for all h,k in N with h <= k, the word phi^{k-h}(h) is the lexicographically least overlap-free word starting with the letter h and ending with the letter k, and give some of its symmetry properties.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0901.1397,
  title  = {Avoiding Squares and Overlaps Over the Natural Numbers},
  author = {Mathieu Guay-Paquet and Jeffrey Shallit},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0901.1397},
  year   = {2009}
}

Comments

16 pages, 2 tables

R2 v1 2026-06-21T11:59:26.569Z