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This is a written version of a series of lectures aimed at graduate students in astrophysics/particle theory/particle experiment. In the first part, we explain the important progress made in recent years towards understanding the…
We present an introductory lecture on general features of cosmic rays, for non-experts, and some recent developments concerning cascade equations for air shower developments.
A new hybrid approach to air shower simulations is described. At highest energies, each particle is followed individually using the traditional Monte Carlo method; this initializes a system of cascade equations which are applicable for…
The demands placed on computational resources by the simulation requirements of high energy physics experiments motivate the development of novel simulation tools. Machine learning based generative models offer a solution that is both fast…
One of the methods for studying the highest energy cosmic rays is to measure the fluorescence light emitted by the extensive air showers induced by them. To reconstruct a shower cascade curve from measurements of the number of photons…
We present the characteristics and performance of a demonstration experiment devoted to the observation of ultra high- energy cosmic ray extensive air showers using a radiodetection technique. In a first step, one antenna narrowed band…
Both the lack of observation of ultra-high energy (UHE) photons and the limitations of the state-of-the-art methodology being applied for their identification motivate studies on alternative approaches to the relevant simulations and the…
A brief review of the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays above $10^{10}$ eV and the measurement techniques used to investigate the ultra high energy ones is given. This is followed by a discussion of the atmospheric shower profile of…
A new method of a primary cosmic particle energy measurement with the extensive air shower (EAS) technique has been developed by exploiting: a) the joint analysis of the shower size, obtained by the EAS-TOP array, and of the EAS Cherenkov…
Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe…
Radio pulses generated by cosmic-ray air showers can be used to reconstruct key properties like the energy and depth of the electromagnetic component of cosmic-ray air showers. Radio detection threshold, influenced by natural and…
In this paper we present a new method for ground based gamma ray astronomy based only on atmospheric Cherenkov light flux analysis. The Cherenkov light flux densities in extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by different primaries are…
In this work the estimation of the lateral distribution function in Extensive Air showers was performed by using a system for air shower simulations which is called AIRES version 2.6 for different hadronic models like (QGSJET99, SIBYLL and…
The increasing cosmic ray statistics collected by present experiments and the future prospects with new large arrays demand accurate calculations of the extensive air shower parameters. The energy of the primary particle is estimated by…
Extensive Air Showers are still the only source of information on primary cosmic rays and their interactions at energies above PeV. However, this information is hidden inside the multiplicative character of the cascading process. Inspite of…
The radio detection method for cosmic rays relies on coherent emission from electrons and positrons which is beamed in a narrow cone along the shower axis. Currently the only mod- els to reproduce this emission with sufficient accuracy are…
The detection of extensive air showers (EAS) through their radio signal is becoming one of the most promising techniques for the study of Neutrinos and Cosmic rays at the highest energies. For the design, optimization and characterization…
A re-examination of the atmospheric cascade profile of the highest energy cosmic ray is presented. The study includes air-shower simulations considering different cross sections, particle multiplicity and variation of the…
The properties of cosmic rays with energies above 1PeV have to be deduced from the spacetime structure and particle content of the air showers which they initiate. In this review, a summary of the phenomenology of these giant air showers is…
This paper briefly summarizes the status of the cosmic ray observations by EAS (Extended Air Shower) experiments with energy below 10**16eV and the related studies of the hadronic interaction models. Based on the observed sharp knee…