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Accuracy-based evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) measures benchmark-specific performance rather than underlying medical competency: it treats all questions as equally informative, conflates model ability with item characteristics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhimeng Luo , Lixin Wu , Adam Frisch , Daqing He

Online learning is a familiar problem setting within Machine-Learning in which data is presented serially in time to a learning agent, requiring it to progressively adapt within the constraints of the learning algorithm. More sophisticated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-10 David Windridge

Motivated by applications to resource-limited and safety-critical domains, we study selective classification in the online learning model, wherein a predictor may abstain from classifying an instance. For example, this may model an adaptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Aditya Gangrade , Anil Kag , Ashok Cutkosky , Venkatesh Saligrama

In a recent review, Liu, Pek, & Maydeu-Olivares (2025b) classified reliability coefficients into two types: classical test theory (CTT) reliability and proportional reduction in mean squared error (PRMSE). This article focuses on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Youjin Sung , Yang Liu

Imitation learning (IL) from a state-based reinforcement learning (RL) policy is a common approach to overcome the curse of dimensionality in complex and high-dimensional observation spaces prevalent in robotics. This paper addresses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Meraj Mammadov , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Johannes Andreas Stork

Advances in the field of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) have led to sophisticated inference frameworks that relax the original modeling assumption of observing an agent behavior that reflects only a single intention. Instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Adrian Šošić , Elmar Rueckert , Jan Peters , Abdelhak M. Zoubir , Heinz Koeppl

Recent work by Jarrett et al. attempts to frame the problem of offline imitation learning (IL) as one of learning a joint energy-based model, with the hope of out-performing standard behavioral cloning. We suggest that notational issues…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Gokul Swamy , Sanjiban Choudhury , J. Andrew Bagnell , Zhiwei Steven Wu

In this paper, we demonstrate how Large Language Models (LLMs) can effectively learn to use an off-the-shelf information retrieval (IR) system specifically when additional context is required to answer a given question. Given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Tiziano Labruna , Jon Ander Campos , Gorka Azkune

Item response theory (IRT) is a popular modeling paradigm for measuring subject latent traits and item properties according to discrete responses in tests or questionnaires. There are very limited discussions on heterogeneity pattern…

Applications · Statistics 2020-06-02 Guanyu Hu , Zhihua Ma , Insu Paek

Interactive Information Retrieval (IIR) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) share many commonalities, including an agent who learns while interacts, a long-term and complex goal, and an algorithm that explores and adapts. To successfully apply…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Limin Chen , Zhiwen Tang , Grace Hui Yang

Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is a powerful framework for learning complex behaviors from expert demonstrations. However, it traditionally requires repeatedly solving a computationally expensive reinforcement learning (RL) problem in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 David Wu , Gokul Swamy , J. Andrew Bagnell , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Sanjiban Choudhury

Active learning is widely used to reduce labeling effort and training time by repeatedly querying only the most beneficial samples from unlabeled data. In real-world problems where data cannot be stored indefinitely due to limited storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Taehyeong Kim , Injune Hwang , Hyundo Lee , Hyunseo Kim , Won-Seok Choi , Joseph J. Lim , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Few models have been more ubiquitous in their respective fields than Bayesian knowledge tracing and item response theory. Both of these models were developed to analyze data on learners. However, the study designs that these models are…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-15 Benjamin Deonovic , Michael Yudelson , Maria Bolsinova , Meirav Attali , Gunter Maris

Adapting one's thought process based on corrective feedback is an essential ability in human learning, particularly in collaborative settings. In contrast, the current large language model training paradigm relies heavily on modeling vast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Martin Klissarov , Jonathan Cook , Diego Antognini , Hao Sun , Jingling Li , Natasha Jaques , Claudiu Musat , Edward Grefenstette

Adaptive experiments can increase the chance that current students obtain better outcomes from a field experiment of an instructional intervention. In such experiments, the probability of assigning students to conditions changes while more…

Interim assessment is frequently administered via computerized adaptive testing (CAT), offering direct support to teaching and learning. This study attempted to fill a vital knowledge gap about the nuanced landscape of examinees'…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-22 Dandan Chen Kaptur , Elizabeth Patton , Logan Rome

Online continual learning (CL) studies the problem of learning continuously from a single-pass data stream while adapting to new data and mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Recently, by storing a small subset of old data, replay-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yujie Wei , Jiaxin Ye , Zhizhong Huang , Junping Zhang , Hongming Shan

Online experiments such as Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) or A/B-tests are the bread and butter of modern platforms on the web. They are conducted continuously to allow platforms to estimate the causal effect of replacing system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Olivier Jeunen

We study the problem of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), where the learning agent recovers a reward function using expert demonstrations. Most of the existing IRL techniques make the often unrealistic assumption that the agent has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Franck Djeumou , Murat Cubuktepe , Craig Lennon , Ufuk Topcu

Existing Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks typically select questions based on the predicted likelihood that the student will answer correctly. This design ignores information contained in students' open-ended responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wanyong Feng , Alexander Scarlatos , Ruochen Sun , Andrew Lan