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Deep active inference has been proposed as a scalable approach to perception and action that deals with large policy and state spaces. However, current models are limited to fully observable domains. In this paper, we describe a deep active…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Otto van der Himst , Pablo Lanillos

The Targeted Free Energy Perturbation (TFEP) method aims to overcome the time-consuming and computer-intensive stratification process of standard methods for estimating the free energy difference between two states. To achieve this, TFEP…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Soo Jung Lee , Amr H. Mahmoud , Markus A. Lill

In Reinforcement Learning (RL), artificial agents are trained to maximize numerical rewards by performing tasks. Exploration is essential in RL because agents must discover information before exploiting it. Two rewards encouraging efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Theodore Jerome Tinker , Kenji Doya , Jun Tani

Models of economic decision makers often include idealized assumptions, such as rationality, perfect foresight, and access to all relevant pieces of information. These assumptions often assure the models' internal validity, but, at the same…

General Economics · Economics 2021-07-09 Patrick Reinwald , Stephan Leitner , Friederike Wall

Predicting future observations plays a central role in machine learning, biology, economics, and many other fields. It lies at the heart of organizational principles such as the variational free energy principle and has even been shown --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Lukas J. Fiderer , Paul C. Barth , Isaac D. Smith , Hans J. Briegel

Micro-gestures are subtle and transient movements triggered by unconscious neural and emotional activities, holding great potential for human-computer interaction and clinical monitoring. However, their low amplitude, short duration, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Weijia Feng , Jingyu Yang , Ruojia Zhang , Fengtao Sun , Qian Gao , Chenyang Wang , Tongtong Su , Jia Guo , Xiaobai Li , Minglai Shao

This thesis focuses on three fundamental aspects of biological systems; namely, entropy production, Bayesian mechanics, and the free-energy principle. The contributions are threefold: 1) We compute the entropy production for a greater class…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Lancelot Da Costa

Understanding adaptive human driving behavior, in particular how drivers manage uncertainty, is of key importance for developing simulated human driver models that can be used in the evaluation and development of autonomous vehicles.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Johan Engström , Ran Wei , Anthony McDonald , Alfredo Garcia , Matt O'Kelly , Leif Johnson

For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings, they will need to develop an understanding of human mental life. Intuitive psychology, the ability to reason about hidden mental variables that drive observable…

Previous active inference accounts of emotion translate fluctuations in free energy to a sense of emotion, mainly focusing on valence. However, in affective science, emotions are often represented as multi-dimensional. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Candice Pattisapu , Tim Verbelen , Riddhi J. Pitliya , Alex B. Kiefer , Mahault Albarracin

We present a message passing approach to Expected Free Energy (EFE) minimization on factor graphs, based on the theory introduced in arXiv:2504.14898. By reformulating EFE minimization as Variational Free Energy minimization with epistemic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wouter W. L. Nuijten , Mykola Lukashchuk , Thijs van de Laar , Bert de Vries

Collective intelligence emerges across biological, physical, and artificial systems without central coordination, yet a unifying principle governing such behaviour remains elusive. The Free Energy Principle explains how individual agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Djamel Bouchaffra , Faycal Ykhlef , Mustapha Lebbah , Hanane Azzag

Prominent opinion formation models such as the one by Friedkin and Johnsen (FJ) concentrate on the effects of peer pressure on public opinions. In practice, opinion formation is also based on information about the state of the world and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Martin Hoefer , Tim Koglin , Tolga Tel

We formulate the computational processes of perception in the framework of the principle of least action by postulating the theoretical action as a time integral of the free energy in the brain sciences. The free energy principle is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-02-21 Chang Sub Kim

Representing a scene and its constituent objects from raw sensory data is a core ability for enabling robots to interact with their environment. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for scene understanding, leveraging a hierarchical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Toon Van de Maele , Tim Verbelen , Pietro Mazzaglia , Stefano Ferraro , Bart Dhoedt

Active inference (AI) is a persuasive theoretical framework from computational neuroscience that seeks to describe action and perception as inference-based computation. However, this framework has yet to provide practical sensorimotor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-02 Joe Watson , Abraham Imohiosen , Jan Peters

The Free Energy Principle (FEP) is a leading framework for mathematically modeling self-organization and learning, while Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a computational ontology of consciousness oriented around irreducible cause and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-14 Alexander Kearney

Free energy perturbation (FEP) was proposed by Zwanzig more than six decades ago as a method to estimate free energy differences, and has since inspired a huge body of related methods that use it as an integral building block. Being an…

We introduce the Free Energy Manifold (FEM), a score-trained conditional energy model specialized for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks with discrete and continuous variables. FEM represents each conditional factor as an energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Cheol Young Park , Shou Matsumoto

Advances in automated systems afford new opportunities for intelligent management of energy at household, local area, and utility scales. Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) can play a role by optimizing the schedule and use of household…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-29 John C. Boik , Kobus Esterhuysen , Jacqueline B. Hynes , Axel Constant , Ines Hipolito , Mahault Albarracin , Alex B. Kiefer , Karl Friston