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Bell and Shallit recently introduced the Lie complexity of an infinite word $s$ as the function counting for each length the number of conjugacy classes of words whose elements are all factors of $s$. They proved, using algebraic…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Alessandro De Luca , Gabriele Fici

The term {\em complexity} is used informally both as a quality and as a quantity. As a quality, complexity has something to do with our ability to understand a system or object -- we understand simple systems, but not complex ones. On…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2009-11-19 Russell K. Standish

In this thesis, we study the place of regular languages within the communication complexity setting. In particular, we are interested in the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages. We show that a regular language…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-02-01 Anil Ada

We study representations of ideal languages by means of strongly connected synchronizing automata. For every finitely generated ideal language L we construct such an automaton with at most 2^n states, where n is the maximal length of words…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-03 Vladimir V. Gusev , Marina I. Maslennikova , Elena V. Pribavkina

We first show that given a $k_1$-letter quantum finite automata $\mathcal{A}_1$ and a $k_2$-letter quantum finite automata $\mathcal{A}_2$ over the same input alphabet $\Sigma$, they are equivalent if and only if they are…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tianrong Lin

In combinatorics on words, a classical topic of study is the number of specific patterns appearing in infinite sequences. For instance, many works have been dedicated to studying the so-called factor complexity of infinite sequences, which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-04 Pierre Popoli , Jeffrey Shallit , Manon Stipulanti

Resetting a system's state plays a fundamental role in physics, engineering, computer science, and many other fields. Here we focus on a method originally proposed in automata theory. The state of an automaton evolves according to a set of…

A quotient of a poset $P$ is a partial order obtained on the equivalence classes of an equivalence relation $\theta$ on $P$; $\theta$ is then called a congruence if it satisfies certain conditions, which vary according to different…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Nicholas J. Williams

In this paper we introduce a new quantum computation model, the linear quantum cellular automaton. Well-formedness is an essential property for any quantum computing device since it enables us to define the probability of a configuration in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Christoph Durr , Huong LeThanh , Miklos Santha

For any permutation w, we characterize the reduced words of w that are their own commutation class. When w is the long element n(n-1)...321 and n \ge 4, there are exactly four such words.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-05-19 Bridget Eileen Tenner

Human languages employ constructions that tacitly assume specific properties of the limited range of phenomena they evolved to describe. These assumed properties are true features of that limited context, but may not be general or precise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 James B. Hartle

Q# is a standalone domain-specific programming language from Microsoft for writing and running quantum programs. Like most industrial languages, it was designed without a formal specification, which can naturally lead to ambiguity in its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Kartik Singhal , Kesha Hietala , Sarah Marshall , Robert Rand

The question of integer complexity asks about the minimal number of $1$'s that are needed to express a positive integer using only addition and multiplication (and parentheses). In this paper, we propose the notion of $l$-complexity of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Pengcheng Zhang

It is shown that for finding rational approximates to m'th root of any integer to any accuracy one only needs the ability to count and to distinguish between m different classes of objects. To every integer N can be associated a…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ashok Kumar Gupta , Ashok Kumar Mittal

We construct a hierarchy of regular languages such that the current language in the hierarchy can be accepted by 1-way quantum finite automata with a probability smaller than the corresponding probability for the preceding language in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andris Ambainis , Richard Bonner , Rusins Freivalds , Arnolds Kikusts

In this paper, we consider block languages, namely sets of words having the same length, and we propose a new representation for these languages. In particular, given an alphabet of size $k$ and a length $\ell$, a block language can be…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Guilherme Duarte , Nelma Moreira , Luca Prigioniero , Rogério Reis

A {\em subsequence} of a word $w$ is a word $u$ that can be obtained by deleting some letters from $w$ while maintaining the relative order of the remaining letters, e.g., $\mathtt{lala}$ is a subsequence of $\mathtt{alfalfa}$. A word, over…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Duncan Adamson , Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch , Florin Manea , Paul Sarnighausen-Cahn , Max Wiedenhöft

The left quotient ring (i.e. the left classical ring of fractions) $Q_{cl}(R)$ of a ring $R$ does not always exist and still, in general, there is no good understanding of the reason why this happens. In this paper, it is proved existence…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2011-01-27 V. V. Bavula

Logic programming under the answer-set semantics nowadays deals with numerous different notions of program equivalence. This is due to the fact that equivalence for substitution (known as strong equivalence) and ordinary equivalence are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-12-07 Stefan Woltran

This paper studies the complexity of operations on finite automata and the complexity of their decision problems when the alphabet is unary. Let $n$ denote the maximum of the number of states of the input finite automata considered in the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Wojciech Czerwiński , Maciej Dębski , Tomasz Gogasz , Gordon Hoi , Sanjay Jain , Michał Skrzypczak , Frank Stephan , Christopher Tan