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We examine the onset of classical topological order in a nearest-neighbor kagome ice model. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we characterize the topological sectors of the groundstate using a non-local cut measure which circumscribes the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2011-04-07 Andrew J. Macdonald , Peter C. W. Holdsworth , Roger G. Melko

Ferrotoroidicity, the fourth form of primary ferroic order, breaks both space and time inversion symmetry. So far, direct observation of ferrotoroidicity in natural materials remains elusive, which impedes the exploration of ferrotoroidic…

Artificial spin ices (ASIs) provide a versatile platform to explore magnetic frustration and emergent phenomena. However, in kagome ASI, experimental access to the ground state remains elusive due to dynamical freezing. Here, we demonstrate…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 D. Pecchio , S. Sahoo , V. Scagnoli , L. J. Heyderman

We use the sixteen vertex model to describe bi-dimensional artificial spin ice (ASI). We find excellent agreement between vertex densities in fifteen differently grown samples and the predictions of the model. Our results demonstrate that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-10-01 Demian Levis , Leticia F. Cugliandolo , Laura Foini , Marco Tarzia

We present the structural and magnetic properties of a new compound family, Mg$_2$RE$_3$Sb$_3$O$_{14}$ (RE = Gd, Dy, Er), with a hitherto unstudied frustrating lattice, the "tripod kagome" structure. Susceptibility (ac, dc) and specific…

We have studied frustrated kagome arrays and unfrustrated honeycomb arrays of magnetostatically-interacting single-domain ferromagnetic islands with magnetization normal to the plane. The measured pairwise spin correlations of both lattices…

Motivated by recent developments in magnetic materials, frustrated nanoarrays and cold atomic systems, we investigate the behaviour of dipolar spins on the frustrated two-dimensional kagome lattice. By combining the Luttinger-Tisza…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-05-18 Mykola Maksymenko , V. Ravi Chandra , Roderich Moessner

Geometrical frustration among interacting spins combined with strong quantum fluctuations destabilize long-range magnetic order in favour of more exotic states such as spin liquids. By following this guiding principle, a number of spin…

We present numerical studies of dipolar spin ice in the presence of a magnetic field slightly tilted away from the [111] axis. We find a first-order transition from a kagome ice to a $\mathbf{q}=$X state when the external field is tilted…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-06-08 Wen-Han Kao , Peter Holdsworth , Ying-Jer Kao

We study experimentally the impact of the additive fabrication method on the magnetic properties of Fe$^+$-implanted Pd square artificial spin ice lattices. Our findings show that the lattices exhibit a higher ordering temperature than…

Artificial spin ices are arrays of correlated nano-scale magnetic islands that prove an excellent playground in which to study the role of topology in critical phenomena. Here, we investigate a continuum of spin ice geometries,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-04-08 Gavin M. Macauley , Gary W. Paterson , Yue Li , Rair Macêdo , Stephen McVitie , Robert L. Stamps

Classical magnets exhibit exotic ground state properties such as spin liquids and fractionalization, promising a manifestation of superposition and projective symmetry construction in classical theory. While system-specific spin-ice or…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2024-08-02 K. B. Yogendra , Suman Karmakar , Tanmoy Das

Magnetic monopoles, long hypothesised as fundamental particles carrying isolated magnetic charge, emerge in spin-ice systems as fractionalised excitations governed by the ice rule. Yet their three-dimensional field structure has never been…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Arjen van den Berg , Peter Rickhaus , Frank Barrows , Cristiano Nisoli , Sam Ladak

Frustrated spin-ice systems support emergent gauge fields and fractionalized quasiparticles that act as magnetic monopoles. Although artificial platforms have enabled their direct visualization, access to their quantum-coherent dynamics has…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-05-20 Krzysztof Giergiel , Piotr Surówka

We have experimentally identified a new magnetic ground state for the kagome lattice, in the perfectly hexagonal Fe2+ (3d6, S = 2) compound Fe4Si2Sn7O16. Representational symmetry analysis of neutron diffraction data shows that below T_N =…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-11-22 C. D. Ling , M. C. Allison , S. Schmid , M. Adveev , J. S. Gardner , C. -W. Wang , D. H. Ryan , M. Zbiri , T. Soehnel

Frustrated lattices1-3, characterized by minor breakdown in local order in an otherwise periodic lattice, lead to simultaneous possibilities of several ground states which can trigger unique physical properties, in condensed matter systems.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2014-04-07 Satyendra Prakash Pal , P. Sen

The Kagome lattice is a 2D network of corner sharing triangles found in several rare earth materials resulting in a complicated and often frustrated magnetic system. In the last decades, modifications of the motif, such as breathing Kagome,…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-03-10 Gunnar F. Schwertfeger , Po-Hao Chang , Predrag Nikolic , Igor I. Mazin

One of the key questions concerning frustrated lattices that has lately emerged is the role of disorder in inducing spin-liquid-like properties. In this context, the quantum kagome antiferromagnets YCu$_3$(OH)$_6$Cl$_3$, which has been…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-07-02 A. Zorko , M. Pregelj , M. Klanjšek , M. Gomilšek , Z. Jagličić , J. S. Lord , J. A. T. Verezhak , T. Shang , W. Sun , J. -X. Mi

The search for two dimensional quantum spin liquids, exotic magnetic states with an entangled ground state remaining disordered down to zero temperature, has been a great challenge in frustrated magnetism during the last decades. Recently,…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-10-15 E. Lhotel , S. Petit , M. Ciomaga Hatnean , J. Ollivier , H. Mutka , E. Ressouche , M. R. Lees , G. Balakrishnan

We realize a three-dimensional artificial spin ice of disconnected nanomagnets interacting solely via dipolar coupling, patterned on square pyramids. This Pyramid artificial spin ice, with both tilted and in-plane nanomagnets, supports…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Luca Berchialla , Gavin M. Macauley , Flavien Museur , Anja Weber , Laura J. Heyderman