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Electron-beam (e-beam) lithography is widely employed in fabrication of 2-D patterns and 3-D structures. A certain type or shape of the sidewall in the remaining resist profile may be desired in an application, e.g., an undercut for…
Flight height is a fundamental parameter for correcting the gamma signal produced by terrestrial radionuclides measured during airborne surveys. The frontiers of radiometric measurements with UAV require light and accurate altimeters flying…
The fast motion of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites causes the propagation channel to vary rapidly, and its behavior is strongly shaped by the surrounding environment, especially at low elevation angles where signals are highly susceptible…
Ultra-high energy cosmic rays can be measured through the detection of radio-frequency radiation from air showers. The radio-frequency emission originates from deflections of the air-shower particles in the geomagnetic field and from a…
Scale invariance property in the global geometry of Earth may lead to a coupled interactive behaviour between various components of the climate system. One of the most interesting correlations exists between spatial statistics of the global…
Radio detection of inclined air showers currently receives special attention. It can be performed with very sparse antenna arrays and yields a pure measurement of the electromagnetic air-shower component, thus delivering information that is…
A survey was carried out to determine activity concentration levels and associated dose rates from the naturally occurring radionuclides Th-232, U-238, and K-40, in the various geological formations appearing throughout the geographically…
The simple 3-D radiative transfer model in the atmosphere of the Earth is built for numerical comparison of direct solar radiation and limb scattering background at the definite layer during the deep twilight period at the middle and upper…
Objective To analyze the radiation dose associated with gamma-ray mobile flaw detection, estimate the extent of the supervision and control areas, and assess the associated radiation risks. Methods A combination of theoretical calculations…
We show fifty-seven enhanced radiation level events taken from new measurements on commercial altitude (greater than 9 km) aircraft that are analogous to planes flying through radiation clouds. More accurately, the plane is likely to be…
Most models used to predict or fit exoplanet transmission spectra do not include all the effects of atmospheric refraction. Namely, the angular size of the star with respect to the planet can limit the lowest altitude, or highest density…
Nonlinear plant-scale interactions controlling the soil-water balance are generally not valid at larger spatial scales due to spatial heterogeneity in rainfall and vegetation type. The relationships between spatially averaged variables are…
Geostationary observations offer the unique opportunity to resolve the diurnal cycle of the Earth's Radiation Budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), crucial for climate-change studies. However, a drawback of the continuous temporal…
The state of earth's climate is constrained by well-known physical principles such as energy balance and the conservation of energy. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations affect the atmospheric optical depth, and physical consistency…
The measurement of large scale patterns or anisotropies in the arrival direction of high energy cosmic rays is an important step towards the understanding of their origin. Such measurements rely on an accurate estimation of the detector…
Date City in Fukushima Prefecture has conducted a population-wide individual dose monitoring program after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, which provides a unique and comprehensive data set of the individual doses of…
Chemical and morphological features of spores and pollens have been linked to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation (specifically UVB, 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface. Variation in UVB exposure as inferred from these features has been…
Differential atmospheric dispersion is a wavelength-dependent effect introduced by the atmosphere. It is one of the instrumental errors that can affect the position of the target as perceived on the sky and its flux distribution. This…
Interactions of grazing incidence, ultra high energy cosmic rays with the earth's atmosphere may provide a new method of studying energetic cosmic rays with gamma-ray satellites. It is found that these cosmic ray interactions may produce…
Random disturbances such as air pollution may affect cognitive performance, which, particularly in high-stakes settings, may have severe consequences for an individual's productivity and well-being. This paper examines the short-term…