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Proper scoring rules have been a subject of growing interest in recent years, not only as tools for evaluation of probabilistic forecasts but also as methods for estimating probability distributions. In this article, we review the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Kartik Waghmare , Johanna Ziegel

Proper scoring rules are an essential tool to assess the predictive performance of probabilistic forecasts. However, propriety alone does not ensure an informative characterization of predictive performance and it is recommended to compare…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-14 Romain Pic , Clément Dombry , Philippe Naveau , Maxime Taillardat

Proper scoring rules are methods for encouraging honest assessment of probability distributions. Just like likelihood, a proper scoring rule can be applied to supply an unbiased estimating equation for any statistical model, and the theory…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Philip Dawid , Monica Musio , Laura Ventura

Proper scoring rules are used to assess the out-of-sample accuracy of probabilistic forecasts, with different scoring rules rewarding distinct aspects of forecast performance. Herein, we re-investigate the practice of using proper scoring…

In situations where forecasters are scored on the quality of their probabilistic predictions, it is standard to use `proper' scoring rules to perform such scoring. These rules are desirable because they give forecasters no incentive to lie…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-25 Spencer Greenberg

Our research aims to propose a new performance-explainability analytical framework to assess and benchmark machine learning methods. The framework details a set of characteristics that systematize the performance-explainability assessment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Kevin Fauvel , Véronique Masson , Élisa Fromont

Many automated system analysis techniques (e.g., model checking, model-based testing) rely on first obtaining a model of the system under analysis. System modeling is often done manually, which is often considered as a hindrance to adopt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Jingyi Wang , Jun Sun , Qixia Yuan , Jun Pang

We give an overview of some uses of proper scoring rules in statistical inference, including frequentist estimation theory and Bayesian model selection with improper priors.

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-28 A. Philip Dawid , Monica Musio

Most supervised machine learning tasks are subject to irreducible prediction errors. Probabilistic predictive models address this limitation by providing probability distributions that represent a belief over plausible targets, rather than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-25 David Widmann , Fredrik Lindsten , Dave Zachariah

This paper describes a generalizable model evaluation method that can be adapted to evaluate AI/ML models across multiple criteria including core scientific principles and more practical outcomes. Emerging from prediction competitions in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jason L. Harman , Jaelle Scheuerman

Scoring rules are used to evaluate the quality of predictions that take the form of probability distributions. A scoring rule is strictly proper if its expected value is uniquely minimized by the true probability distribution. One of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-05 Zoe Guan

Probabilistic forecasts in the form of probability distributions over future events have become popular in several fields including meteorology, hydrology, economics, and demography. In typical applications, many alternative statistical…

Computation · Statistics 2018-07-31 Alexander Jordan , Fabian Krüger , Sebastian Lerch

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for tackling complex regression and classification tasks, yet its success often hinges on the quality of training data. This study introduces an ML paradigm inspired by domain knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Mohsen Rashki

There are several scoring rules that one can choose from in order to score probabilistic forecasting models or estimate model parameters. Whilst it is generally agreed that proper scoring rules are preferable, there is no clear criterion…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-07-25 Reason Lesego Machete

Probabilistic classifiers output a probability distribution on target classes rather than just a class prediction. Besides providing a clear separation of prediction and decision making, the main advantage of probabilistic models is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Juozas Vaicenavicius , David Widmann , Carl Andersson , Fredrik Lindsten , Jacob Roll , Thomas B. Schön

This paper discusses a method for implementing a probabilistic inference system based on an extended relational data model. This model provides a unified approach for a variety of applications such as dynamic programming, solving sparse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Michael S. K. M. Wong , C. J. Butz , Yang Xiang

The classical paradigm of scoring rules is to discriminate between two different forecasts by comparing them with observations. The probability distribution of the observed record is assumed to be perfect as a verification benchmark. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Julie Bessac , Philippe Naveau

Machine learning is often used in competitive scenarios: Participants learn and fit static models, and those models compete in a shared platform. The common assumption is that in order to win a competition one has to have the best…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Amin Khajehnejad , Shima Hajimirza

The predictive performance of any inferential model is critical to its practical success, but quantifying predictive performance is a subtle statistical problem. In this paper I show how the natural structure of any inferential problem…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-09 Michael Betancourt

A scoring system is a simple decision model that checks a set of features, adds a certain number of points to a total score for each feature that is satisfied, and finally makes a decision by comparing the total score to a threshold.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Jonas Hanselle , Stefan Heid , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier
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