Related papers: Basics of Low-temperature Refrigeration
Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time…
A superconductor with a gap in the density of states or a quantum dot with discrete energy levels is a central building block in realizing an electronic on-chip cooler. They can work as energy filters, allowing only hot quasiparticles to…
Highly engineered materials are arousing great interest because of their ability to manipulate heat, as described by coordinate transformation approach. Based on the recently developed analog gravity models, this paper presents how a simple…
A prerequisite for laser cooling a molecular anion, which has not been achieved so far, is the precise knowledge of the relevant transition frequencies in the cooling scheme. To determine these frequencies we present a versatile method that…
Free cooling of granular materials is analyzed on the basis of a pseudo-Liouville operator. Exchange of translational and rotational energy requires surface roughness for spherical grains, but occurs for non-spherical grains, like needles,…
We describe a versatile apparatus for optical observations of experimental processes at temperatures down to 0.1 K. The cooling is achieved by a wet cryostat with a dilution refrigerator on a vibrationally-isolated platform, capable of…
Freeze-casting produces materials with complex, three-dimensional pore structures which may be tuned during the solidification process. The range of potential applications of freeze-cast materials is vast, and includes: structural…
The statistical hadronization model is a simple and efficient phenomenological framework in which the relative yields for very high energy heavy ion collisions are essentially determined by a single model parameter---the chemical freeze-out…
The last years saw a renewal of interest for hypersonic research in general and regenerative cooling specifically, with a large increase of the number of dedicated facilities and technical studies. In order to quantify the heat transfer in…
Cooling and heating functions describe how radiative processes impact the thermal state of a gas as a function of its temperature and other physical properties. In a most general case the functions depend on the detailed distributions of…
Low temperature heating panel systems offer distinctive advantages in terms of thermal comfort and energy consumption, allowing work with low exergy sources. The purpose of this paper is to compare floor, wall, ceiling, and floor-ceiling…
Although it is often believed that the coldness of space is ideally suited for performing measurements at cryogenic temperatures, this must be regarded with caution for two reasons: Firstly, the sensitive instrument must be completely…
Near-equilibrium thermal detectors operate as classical calorimeters, with energy deposition and internal equilibration times short compared to the thermal time constant of the device. Advances in fabrication techniques, cryogenics, and…
The quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic properties of a 3-level molecular cooling cycle are derived. An inadequacy of earlier models is rectified in accounting for the spontaneous emission and absorption associated with the coupling to the…
A novel, to the best of our knowledge, ultralow-temperature luminescence thermometry strategy is proposed, based on a measurement of relative intensities of hyperfine components in the spectra of Ho$^{3+}$ ions doped into a crystal. A…
We analyze the lowest achievable temperature for a mechanical oscillator (representing, for example, the motion of a single trapped ion) which is coupled with a driven quantum refrigerator. The refrigerator is composed of a parametrically…
The dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensation in a three-dimensional harmonic trap is studied explicitly including the Bogoliubov approximation for temperatures below the critical one. To model the evolution towards equilibrium at each cooling…
We describe the preparation of ultra cold atomic clouds in a dilution refrigerator. The closed cycle 3He/4He cryostat was custom made to provide optical access for laser cooling, optical manipulation and detection of atoms. We show that the…
We have reviewed the chemistry and cooling behaviour of low-density (n<10^4 cm^-3) primordial gas and devised a cooling model wich involves 19 collisional and 9 radiative processes and is applicable for temperatures in the range (1 K < T <…
High energy heavy-ion collisions in laboratory produce a form of matter that can test Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, at high temperatures. One of the exciting possibilities is the existence of…