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Online controlled experiments are the primary tool for measuring the causal impact of product changes in digital businesses. It is increasingly common for digital products and services to interact with customers in a personalised way. Using…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 C. H. Bryan Liu , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain

A/B testing, or online experiment is a standard business strategy to compare a new product with an old one in pharmaceutical, technological, and traditional industries. Major challenges arise in online experiments of two-sided marketplace…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Chengchun Shi , Xiaoyu Wang , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Jieping Ye , Rui Song

Online experiments in internet systems, also known as A/B tests, are used for a wide range of system tuning problems, such as optimizing recommender system ranking policies and learning adaptive streaming controllers. Decision-makers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Qing Feng , Samuel Daulton , Benjamin Letham , Maximilian Balandat , Eytan Bakshy

During the last few decades, online controlled experiments (also known as A/B tests) have been adopted as a golden standard for measuring business improvements in industry. In our company, there are more than a billion users participating…

Applications · Statistics 2021-08-06 Tao Xiong , Yihan Bao , Penglei Zhao , Yong Wang

A/B tests serve the purpose of reliably identifying the effect of changes introduced in online services. It is common for online platforms to run a large number of simultaneous experiments by splitting incoming user traffic randomly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Alexander Buchholz , Vito Bellini , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Yannik Stein , Matteo Ruffini , Fabian Moerchen

Online controlled experiments, colloquially known as A/B-tests, are the bread and butter of real-world recommender system evaluation. Typically, end-users are randomly assigned some system variant, and a plethora of metrics are then…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Olivier Jeunen , Shubham Baweja , Neeti Pokharna , Aleksei Ustimenko

Online controlled experimentation is widely adopted for evaluating new features in the rapid development cycle for web products and mobile applications. Measurement of the overall experiment sample is a common practice to quantify the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Zhenyu Zhao , Yan He , Miao Chen

Online experimentation (or A/B testing) has been widely adopted in industry as the gold standard for measuring product impacts. Despite the wide adoption, few literatures discuss A/B testing with quantile metrics. Quantile metrics, such as…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-22 Min Liu , Xiaohui Sun , Maneesh Varshney , Ya Xu

A B testing serves as the gold standard for large scale, data driven decision making in online businesses. To mitigate metric variability and enhance testing sensitivity, control variates and regression adjustment have emerged as prominent…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-13 Yu Zhang , Bokui Wan , Yongli Qin

Online controlled experiments, or A/B tests, are large-scale randomized trials in digital environments. This paper investigates the estimands of the difference-in-means estimator in these experiments, focusing on scenarios with repeated…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Sebastian Ankargren , Mattias Frånberg , Mårten Schultzberg

Digital firms routinely run many online experiments on shared user populations. When product decisions are compositional, such as combinations of interface elements, flows, messages, or incentives, the number of feasible interventions grows…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-13 Xin Wen , Xi Chen , Will Wei Sun , Yichen Zhang

Many organizations utilize large-scale online controlled experiments (OCEs) to accelerate innovation. Having high statistical power to detect small differences between control and treatment accurately is critical, as even small changes in…

Applications · Statistics 2020-09-11 Ali Mahmoudzadeh , Sophia Liu , Sol Sadeghi , Paul Luo Li , Somit Gupta

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) have become the gold standard for learning the impact of new product features in technology companies. Randomization enables the inference of causality from an A/B test. The randomized assignment…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-20 Qike Li , Samir Jamkhande , Pavel Kochetkov , Pai Liu

Tech companies (e.g., Google or Facebook) often use randomized online experiments and/or A/B testing primarily based on the average treatment effects to compare their new product with an old one. However, it is also critically important to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-09 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

Digital technology organizations routinely use online experiments (e.g. A/B tests) to guide their product and business decisions. In e-commerce, we often measure changes to transaction- or item-based business metrics such as Average Basket…

Applications · Statistics 2023-04-18 C. H. Bryan Liu , Emma J. McCoy

With the growing needs of online A/B testing to support the innovation in industry, the opportunity cost of running an experiment becomes non-negligible. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for an efficient continuous monitoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Runzhe Wan , Yu Liu , James McQueen , Doug Hains , Rui Song

Companies offering web services routinely run randomized online experiments to estimate the causal impact associated with the adoption of new features and policies on key performance metrics of interest. These experiments are used to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-13 Lorenzo Masoero , Doug Hains , James McQueen

Online controlled experiments (a.k.a. A/B testing) have been used as the mantra for data-driven decision making on feature changing and product shipping in many Internet companies. However, it is still a great challenge to systematically…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-16 Yuxiang Xie , Nanyu Chen , Xiaolin Shi

On-line experimentation (also known as A/B testing) has become an integral part of software development. To timely incorporate user feedback and continuously improve products, many software companies have adopted the culture of agile…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-13 Yu Wang , Somit Gupta , Jiannan Lu , Ali Mahmoudzadeh , Sophia Liu

Experimentation is widely utilized for causal inference and data-driven decision-making across disciplines. In an A/B experiment, for example, an online business randomizes two different treatments (e.g., website designs) to their customers…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 Wenxuan Guo , JungHo Lee , Panos Toulis
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