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With the extensive use of digital devices, online experimental platforms are commonly used to conduct experiments to collect data for evaluating different variations of products, algorithms, and interface designs, a.k.a., A/B tests. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-09 Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang , Xinwei Deng

The rise of internet-based services and products in the late 1990's brought about an unprecedented opportunity for online businesses to engage in large scale data-driven decision making. Over the past two decades, organizations such as…

Randomized A/B tests within online learning platforms represent an exciting direction in learning sciences. With minimal assumptions, they allow causal effect estimation without confounding bias and exact statistical inference even in small…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-13 Adam C. Sales , Ethan B. Prihar , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch , Neil T. Heffernan

Online Controlled Experiments (OCE) are the gold standard to measure impact and guide decisions for digital products and services. Despite many methodological advances in this area, the scarcity of public datasets and the lack of a…

Applications · Statistics 2022-01-19 C. H. Bryan Liu , Ângelo Cardoso , Paul Couturier , Emma J. McCoy

Online experiments such as Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) or A/B-tests are the bread and butter of modern platforms on the web. They are conducted continuously to allow platforms to estimate the causal effect of replacing system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Olivier Jeunen

In many industry settings, online controlled experimentation (A/B test) has been broadly adopted as the gold standard to measure product or feature impacts. Most research has primarily focused on user engagement type metrics, specifically…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-30 Weinan Wang , Xi Zhang

Online experiments (A/B tests) are widely regarded as the gold standard for evaluating recommender system variants and guiding launch decisions. However, a variety of biases can distort the results of the experiment and mislead…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Chen Zheng , Zhenyu Zhao

A/B experiments are commonly used in research to compare the effects of changing one or more variables in two different experimental groups - a control group and a treatment group. While the benefits of using A/B experiments are widely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Andrew Hornback , Sungeun An , Scott Bunin , Stephen Buckley , John Kos , Ashok Goel

Controlled experimentation, also called A/B testing, is widely adopted to accelerate product innovations in the online world. However, how fast we innovate can be limited by how we run experiments. Most experiments go through a "ramp up"…

Applications · Statistics 2018-01-26 Ya Xu , Weitao Duan , Shaochen Huang

The widespread adoption of online randomized controlled experiments (A/B Tests) for decision-making has created ongoing capacity constraints which necessitate interim analyses. As a consequence, platform users are increasingly motivated to…

Applications · Statistics 2025-11-11 Abbas Zaidi , Rina Friedberg , Samir Khan , Yao-Yang Leow , Maulik Soneji , Houssam Nassif , Richard Mudd

Online controlled experiments (also known as A/B Testing) have been viewed as a golden standard for large data-driven companies since the last few decades. The most common A/B testing framework adopted by many companies use "average…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-15 Yihan Bao , Shichao Han , Yong Wang

Online controlled experiments, such as A/B-tests, are commonly used by modern tech companies to enable continuous system improvements. Despite their paramount importance, A/B-tests are expensive: by their very definition, a percentage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Shubham Baweja , Neeti Pokharna , Aleksei Ustimenko , Olivier Jeunen

A/B test, a simple type of controlled experiment, refers to the statistical procedure of experimenting to compare two treatments applied to test subjects. For example, many IT companies frequently conduct A/B tests on their users who are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang

In online multiple testing, an a priori unknown number of hypotheses are tested sequentially, i.e. at each time point a test decision for the current hypothesis has to be made using only the data available so far. Although many powerful…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Vincent Jankovic , Lasse Fischer , Werner Brannath

Experimentation in online digital platforms is used to inform decision making. Specifically, the goal of many experiments is to optimize a metric of interest. Null hypothesis statistical testing can be ill-suited to this task, as it is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-10 Timothy Sudijono , Simon Ejdemyr , Apoorva Lal , Martin Tingley

The rollout of new versions of a feature in modern applications is a manual multi-stage process, as the feature is released to ever larger groups of users, while its performance is carefully monitored. This kind of A/B testing is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Andrés Muñoz Medina , Sergei Vassilvitskii , Dong Yin

Randomized experiments play a major role in data-driven decision making across many different fields and disciplines. In medicine, for example, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the backbone of clinical trial methodology for testing…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-30 Andrew W. Correia

Exploring online behavior change is imperative for societal progress in the context of 21st-century challenges. We analyze 148 articles (2000-2023) focusing on behavior change in the digital space and build a map that categorizes behaviors,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Arianna Pera , Gianmarco de Francisci Morales , Luca Maria Aiello

Online experiments %in which experimental units receive a sequence of treatments over time are frequently employed in many technological companies to evaluate the performance of a newly developed policy, product, or treatment relative to a…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-14 Ke Sun , Linglong Kong , Hongtu Zhu , Chengchun Shi

Online controlled experiments face growing challenges from overlapping tests on shared traffic, where interactions between concurrent experiments obscure insights into feature combinations and produce effect estimates that do not correspond…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Reza Hosseini