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We present relaxed criteria for quantum error correction which are useful when the specific dominant noise process is known. These criteria have no classical analogue. As an example, we provide a four-bit code which corrects for a single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 D. W. Leung , M. A. Nielsen , I. L. Chuang , Y. Yamamoto

We construct a pairwise measurement-based code on eight qubits that is error correcting for circuit noise, with fault distance 3. The code can be implemented on a subset of a rectangular array of qubits with nearest neighbor connectivity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-23 Linnea Grans-Samuelsson , David Aasen , Parsa Bonderson

We compare the performance of quantum error correcting codes when memory errors are unitary with the more familiar case of dephasing noise. For a wide range of codes we analytically compute the effective logical channel that results when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-27 Eric Huang , Andrew C. Doherty , Steven Flammia

The design and optimization of realistic architectures for fault-tolerant quantum computation requires error models that are both reliable and amenable to large-scale classical simulation. Perhaps the simplest and most practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Michael R. Geller , Zhongyuan Zhou

Typical studies of quantum error correction assume probabilistic Pauli noise, largely because it is relatively easy to analyze and simulate. Consequently, the effective logical noise due to physically realistic coherent errors is relatively…

Analysis of quantum error correcting codes is typically done using a stochastic, Pauli channel error model for describing the noise on physical qubits. However, it was recently found that coherent errors (systematic rotations) on physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-09 Daniel Greenbaum , Zachary Dutton

As quantum computing hardware steadily increases in qubit count and quality, one important question is how to allocate these resources to mitigate the effects of hardware noise. In a transitional era between noisy small-scale and fully…

Accurate modeling of noise in realistic quantum processors is critical for constructing fault-tolerant quantum computers. While a full simulation of actual noisy quantum circuits provides information about correlated noise among all qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 F. Setiawan , Alexander V. Gramolin , Elisha S. Matekole , Hari Krovi , Jacob M. Taylor

We give a broad generalisation of the mapping, originally due to Dennis, Kitaev, Landahl and Preskill, from quantum error correcting codes to statistical mechanical models. We show how the mapping can be extended to arbitrary stabiliser or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-03 Christopher T. Chubb , Steven T. Flammia

Quantum error correcting (QEC) stabilizer codes enable protection of quantum information against errors during storage and processing. Simulation of noisy QEC codes is used to identify the noise parameters necessary for advantageous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Sascha Heußen , Don Winter , Manuel Rispler , Markus Müller

In the shallow sub-threshold regime, fault-tolerant quantum computation requires a tremendous amount of qubits. In this paper, we study the error correction in the deep sub-threshold regime. We estimate the physical error rate for achieving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-22 Dawei Jiao , Ying Li

Estimates of noise channels for quantum gates are required for most error mitigation techniques and are desirable for informing quantum error correction decoders. These estimates can be obtained by resource-intensive off-line…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-01 Lucas Daguerre , Mohan Sarovar

In this paper we investigate stabilizer quantum error correction codes using controlled phase rotations of strong coherent probe states. We explicitly describe two methods to measure the Pauli operators which generate the stabilizer group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Casey R. Myers , Marcus Silva , Kae Nemoto , William J. Munro

One of simplest and most widely used error model in working with quantum circuits is the Pauli Twirling Approximation (PTA). Restricting ourselves to analysis of free dynamics of qubits we show explicitly how application of PTA is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-22 Amara Katabarwa

The surface code is a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation, achieving a high threshold error rate with nearest-neighbor gates in two spatial dimensions. Here, through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-18 Ashley M. Stephens

Pauli channels are ubiquitous in quantum information, both as a dominant noise source in many computing architectures and as a practical model for analyzing error correction and fault tolerance. Here we prove several results on efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Steven T. Flammia , Joel J. Wallman

Quantum noise is a central challenge in quantum computing across many applications. Extensive work has examined how qubits couple to their environment, leading to decoherence and relaxation, which is irreversible. Current studies focus on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Yunos El Kaderi , Andreas Honecker , Iryna Andriyanova

The quantum hashing bound guarantees that rates up to $1-H(p_I, p_X, p_Y, p_Z)$ are achievable for memoryless Pauli channels, but it is not generally tight. A known way to improve achievable rates for certain asymmetric Pauli channels is to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tyler Kann , Matthieu R. Bloch , Shrinivas Kudekar , Ruediger Urbanke

Coherent noise can be much more damaging than incoherent (probabilistic) noise in the context of quantum error correction. One solution is to use twirling to turn coherent noise into incoherent Pauli channels. In this Article, we show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Zhenyu Cai , Xiaosi Xu , Simon C. Benjamin

The Pauli stabilizer formalism is perhaps the most thoroughly studied means of procuring quantum error-correcting codes, whereby the code is obtained through commutative Pauli operators and ``stabilized'' by them. In this work we will show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Jhih-Yuan Kao , Hsi-Sheng Goan