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Linear rules have played an increasing role in structural proof theory in recent years. It has been observed that the set of all sound linear inference rules in Boolean logic is already coNP-complete, i.e. that every Boolean tautology can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Anupam Das , Lutz Straßburger

We define typical forcings encompassing many informal forcing arguments in bounded arithmetic and give general conditions for such forcings to produce models of the universal variant of relativized $T^1_2$. We apply this result to study the…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-12-17 Moritz Müller

Subclasses of TFNP (total functional NP) are usually defined by specifying a complete problem, which is necessarily in TFNP, and including all problems many-one reducible to it. We study two notions of how a TFNP problem can be reducible to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Neil Thapen

Subatomic logic is a recent innovation in structural proof theory where atoms are no longer the smallest entity in a logical formula, but are instead treated as binary connectives. As a consequence, we can give a subatomic proof system for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Victoria Barrett , Alessio Guglielmi , Benjamin Ralph , Lutz Straßburger

Many satisfiability modulo theories solvers implement a variant of the DPLL(T ) framework which separates theory-specific reasoning from reasoning on the propositional abstraction of the formula. Such solvers conclude that a formula is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-06-05 Liana Hadarean , Alex Horn , Tim King

This article precisely defines huge proofs within the system of Natural Deduction for the Minimal implicational propositional logic \mil. This is what we call an unlimited family of super-polynomial proofs. We consider huge families of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Edward Hermann Haeusler

Let $\operatorname{Con}(\mathbf T)\!\restriction\!x$ denote the finite consistency statement "there are no proofs of contradiction in $\mathbf T$ with $\leq x$ symbols". For a large class of natural theories $\mathbf T$, Pudl\'ak has shown…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Anton Freund , Fedor Pakhomov

In this note we show that any $k$-CNF which can be refuted by a quasi-polynomial $\mathsf{Res}^*(\mathsf{polylog})$ refutation has a "narrow" refutation in $\mathsf{Res}$ (i.e., of poly-logarithmic width). We also show the converse…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-10-23 Massimo Lauria

We establish new, and surprisingly tight, connections between propositional proof complexity and finite model theory. Specifically, we show that the power of several propositional proof systems, such as Horn resolution, bounded-width…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Erich Grädel , Martin Grohe , Benedikt Pago , Wied Pakusa

Here we show, in the second paper in a series of articles, methods to calculate propositional statements with algebraic polyno mials as symbols for the connectives, which here are named operators. In the first article, we explained this…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Pelle Brooke Borgeke

We demonstrate a family of propositional formulas in conjunctive normal form so that a formula of size $N$ requires size $2^{\Omega(\sqrt[7]{N/logN})}$ to refute using the tree-like OBDD refutation system of Atserias, Kolaitis and Vardi…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Nathan Segerlind

We design a proof system for propositional classical logic that integrates two languages for Boolean functions: standard conjunction-disjunction-negation and binary decision trees. We give two reasons to do so. The first is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Chris Barrett , Alessio Guglielmi

We prove that if conditions I-II (below) hold and there is a sequence of Boolean functions $f_n$ hard to approximate by p-size circuits such that p-size circuit lower bounds for $f_n$ do not have p-size proofs in Extended Frege system EF,…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Jan Pich , Rahul Santhanam

We study the complexity of small-depth Frege proofs and give the first tradeoffs between the size of each line and the number of lines. Existing lower bounds apply to the overall proof size -- the sum of sizes of all lines -- and do not…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Toniann Pitassi , Prasanna Ramakrishnan , Li-Yang Tan

We extend the theoretical framework of proof mining by establishing general logical metatheorems that allow for the extraction of the computational content of theorems with prima facie "non-computational" proofs from probability theory,…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Morenikeji Neri , Nicholas Pischke

The reflection principle is the statement that if a sentence is provable then it is true. Reflection principles have been studied for first-order theories, but they also play an important role in propositional proof complexity. In this…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-07-30 Pavel Pudlák

We give a general reduction of lengths-of-proofs lower bounds for constant depth Frege systems in DeMorgan language augmented by a connective counting modulo a prime $p$ (the so called $AC^0[p]$ Frege systems) to computational complexity…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-04-26 Jan Krajicek

We present a proof of the conjecture $\mathcal{NP}$ = $\mathcal{PSPACE}$ by showing that arbitrary tautologies of Johansson's minimal propositional logic admit "small" polynomial-size dag-like natural deductions in Prawitz's system for…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-10-03 Lew Gordeev , Edward Hermann Haeusler

The canonical pair of a proof system $P$ is the pair of disjoint NP sets where one set is the set of all satisfiable CNF formulas and the other is the set of CNF formulas that have $P$-proofs bounded by some polynomial. We give a…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Pavel Pudlak

In this note we show that unsatisfiable systems of linear equations with a constant number of variables per equation over prime finite fields have polynomial-size constant-degree semi-algebraic proofs of unsatisfiability. These are proofs…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-02-16 Albert Atserias