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This paper introduces new notions of asymptotic proofs, PT(polynomial-time)-extensions, PTM(polynomial-time Turing machine)-omega-consistency, etc. on formal theories of arithmetic including PA (Peano Arithmetic). This paper shows that P…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Tatsuaki Okamoto , Ryo Kashima

Folklore in complexity theory suspects that circuit lower bounds against $\mathbf{NC}^1$ or $\mathbf{P}/\operatorname{poly}$, currently out of reach, are a necessary step towards proving strong proof complexity lower bounds for systems like…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Noel Arteche , Erfan Khaniki , Ján Pich , Rahul Santhanam

Here, in a series of articles, we show methods for calculating propositional statements using algebraic polynomials as symbols for the connectives, which are named operators. These polynomials originate from the transformation between the…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-09 Pelle Brooke Borgeke

We show that constant-depth Frege systems with counting axioms modulo $m$ polynomially simulate Nullstellensatz refutations modulo $m$. Central to this is a new definition of reducibility from formulas to systems of polynomials with the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Russell Impagliazzo , Nathan Segerlind

Atserias and M\"uller (JACM, 2020) proved that for every unsatisfiable CNF formula $\varphi$, the formula $\operatorname{Ref}(\varphi)$, stating "$\varphi$ has small Resolution refutations", does not have subexponential-size Resolution…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Noel Arteche , Albert Atserias , Susanna F. de Rezende , Erfan Khaniki

A proof of quantumness is a protocol through which a classical machine can test whether a purportedly quantum device, with comparable time and memory resources, is performing a computation that is impossible for classical computers.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-21 A. C. Cem Say , M. Utkan Gezer

We connect learning algorithms and algorithms automating proof search in propositional proof systems: for every sufficiently strong, well-behaved propositional proof system $P$, we prove that the following statements are equivalent, 1.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Ján Pich , Rahul Santhanam

We study initial cuts of models of weak two-sorted Bounded Arithmetics with respect to the strength of their theories and show that these theories are stronger than the original one. More explicitly we will see that polylogarithmic cuts of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Sebastian Müller

It is well-known (cf. K.-Pudl\'ak 1989) that a polynomial time algorithm finding tautologies hard for a propositional proof system $P$ exists iff $P$ is not optimal. Such an algorithm takes $1^{(k)}$ and outputs a tautology $\tau_k$ of size…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-04-26 Jan Krajicek

We present a comprehensive programme analysing the decomposition of proof systems for non-classical logics into proof systems for other logics, especially classical logic, using an algebra of constraints. That is, one recovers a proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Alexander V. Gheorghiu , David J. Pym

Proofs in propositional logic are typically presented as trees of derived formulas or, alternatively, as directed acyclic graphs of derived formulas. This distinction between tree-like vs. dag-like structure is particularly relevant when…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Albert Atserias , Massimo Lauria

We prove super-polynomial lower bounds on the size of propositional proof systems operating with constant-depth algebraic circuits over fields of zero characteristic. Specifically, we show that the subset-sum variant…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Nashlen Govindasamy , Tuomas Hakoniemi , Iddo Tzameret

We investigate the proof complexity of a class of propositional formulas expressing a combinatorial principle known as the Kneser-Lov\'{a}sz Theorem. This is a family of propositional tautologies, indexed by an nonnegative integer parameter…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Gabriel Istrate , Adrian Crăciun

Non-compact proofs are a class of reasoning that is used in mathematics but overlooked in the analysis of (un)provability of consistency. We focus on proofs of arithmetical statements (*) "for any natural number n, F(n)." A proof of (*) is…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Sergei Artemov

We analyse how the standard reductions between constraint satisfaction problems affect their proof complexity. We show that, for the most studied propositional, algebraic, and semi-algebraic proof systems, the classical constructions of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Albert Atserias , Joanna Ochremiak

A tableau calculus is proposed, based on a compressed representation of clauses, where literals sharing a similar shape may be merged. The inferences applied on these literals are fused when possible, which reduces the size of the proof. It…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-01-15 Michael Peter Lettmann , Nicolas Peltier

In this paper, we develop a quantified propositional proof systems that corresponds to logarithmic-space reasoning. We begin by defining a class SigmaCNF(2) of quantified formulas that can be evaluated in log space. Then our new proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-01-29 Steven Perron

First of all we give some reasons that "natural proofs" built not a barrier to prove P $\not=$ NP using Boolean complexity. Then we investigate the approximation method for its extension to prove super-polynomial lower bounds for the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Norbert Blum

We study -- within the framework of propositional proof complexity -- the problem of certifying unsatisfiability of CNF formulas under the promise that any satisfiable formula has many satisfying assignments, where ``many'' stands for an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-04-19 Nachum Dershowitz , Iddo Tzameret

For any unsatisfiable CNF formula we give an exponential lower bound on the size of resolution refutations of a propositional statement that the formula has a resolution refutation. We describe three applications. (1) An open question in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Michal Garlík