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Hopfield models, originally developed to study memory retrieval in neural networks, have become versatile tools for modeling diverse biological systems in which function emerges from collective dynamics. In this review, we provide a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Maria Yampolskaya , Pankaj Mehta

Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

The gap between the huge volumes of data needed to train artificial neural networks and the relatively small amount of data needed by their biological counterparts is a central puzzle in machine learning. Here, inspired by biological…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-19 Miriam Aquaro , Francesco Alemanno , Ido Kanter , Fabrizio Durante , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

Sequence memory is an essential attribute of natural and artificial intelligence that enables agents to encode, store, and retrieve complex sequences of stimuli and actions. Computational models of sequence memory have been proposed where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Hamza Tahir Chaudhry , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Dmitry Krotov , Cengiz Pehlevan

This paper is concerned with the modeling and analysis of two of the most commonly used recurrent neural network models (i.e., Hopfield neural network and firing-rate neural network) with dynamic recurrent connections undergoing Hebbian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-25 Veronica Centorrino , Francesco Bullo , Giovanni Russo

Hopfield networks are artificial neural networks which store memory patterns on the states of their neurons by choosing recurrent connection weights and update rules such that the energy landscape of the network forms attractors around the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Thomas F Burns , Tomoki Fukai

Hopfield neural networks are a possible basis for modelling associative memory in living organisms. After summarising previous studies in the field, we take a new look at learning rules, exhibiting them as descent-type algorithms for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Pavel Tolmachev , Jonathan H. Manton

The Hopfield recurrent neural network is a classical auto-associative model of memory, in which collections of symmetrically-coupled McCulloch-Pitts neurons interact to perform emergent computation. Although previous researchers have…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-09 Christopher Hillar , Ngoc M. Tran

This article delves into the Hopfield neural network model, drawing inspiration from biological neural systems. The exploration begins with an overview of the model's foundations, incorporating insights from mechanical statistics to deepen…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-29 Matteo Silvestri

In Hopfield neural networks with up to 10^8 nodes we store two patterns through Hebb couplings. Then we start with a third random pattern which is supposed to evolve into one of the two stored patterns, simulating the cognitive process of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-03-17 Dietrich Stauffer , Przemyslaw A. Grabowicz , Janusz A. Holyst

A set of fixed points of the Hopfield type neural network was under investigation. Its connection matrix is constructed with regard to the Hebb rule from a highly symmetric set of the memorized patterns. Depending on the external parameter…

Biological Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hong-Liang Lu , Xi-Jun Qiu

The neuronal paradigm of studying the brain has left us with limitations in both our understanding of how neurons process information to achieve biological intelligence and how such knowledge may be translated into artificial intelligence…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-12 Leo Kozachkov , Konstantinos P. Michmizos

A set of fixed points of the Hopfield type neural network is under investigation. Its connection matrix is constructed with regard to the Hebb rule from a highly symmetric set of the memorized patterns. Depending on the external parameter…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Leonid B. Litinsky

The Hopfield model describes a neural network that stores memories using all-to-all-coupled spins. Memory patterns are recalled under equilibrium dynamics. Storing too many patterns breaks the associative recall process because frustration…

In neuroscience, classical Hopfield networks are the standard biologically plausible model of long-term memory, relying on Hebbian plasticity for storage and attractor dynamics for recall. In contrast, memory-augmented neural networks in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-10-28 Danil Tyulmankov , Ching Fang , Annapurna Vadaparty , Guangyu Robert Yang

Cyclic patterns of neuronal activity are ubiquitous in animal nervous systems, and partially responsible for generating and controlling rhythmic movements such as locomotion, respiration, swallowing and so on. Clarifying the role of the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-08-26 Chuan Zhang , Gerhard Dangelmayr , Iuliana Oprea

Understanding the memory capacity of neural networks remains a challenging problem in implementing artificial intelligence systems. In this paper, we address the notion of capacity with respect to Hopfield networks and propose a dynamic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Saarthak Sarup , Mingoo Seok

In this paper we study robust synchronization of time-fractional Hopfield neural networks with memristive couplings and Hebbian learning rules. This new model of artificial neural networks exhibits strong memory and long-range…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-10-27 Yuncheng You

The Hopfield model provides a mathematically idealized yet insightful framework for understanding the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in the human brain. This model has inspired four decades of extensive research on learning and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-14 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

We discuss prototype formation in the Hopfield network. Typically, Hebbian learning with highly correlated states leads to degraded memory performance. We show this type of learning can lead to prototype formation, where unlearned states…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hayden McAlister , Anthony Robins , Lech Szymanski
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