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Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

Storing memory for molecular recognition is an efficient strategy for responding to external stimuli. Biological processes use different strategies to store memory. In the olfactory cortex, synaptic connections form when stimulated by an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-06-07 Oskar H Schnaack , Luca Peliti , Armita Nourmohammad

We show how a Hopfield network with modifiable recurrent connections undergoing slow Hebbian learning can extract the underlying geometry of an input space. First, we use a slow/fast analysis to derive an averaged system whose dynamics…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2011-02-02 Mathieu N. Galtier , Olivier D. Faugeras , Paul C. Bressloff

In 1982 John Hopfield published a neural network model for memory retrieval, a model that became a cornerstone in theoretical neuroscience. A key ingredient of the Hopfield model was the use of a network dynamics that is governed by a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-12 Merav Stern , Eric Shea-Brown

We study a simple extended model of oscillator neural networks capable of storing sparsely coded phase patterns, in which information is encoded both in the mean firing rate and in the timing of spikes. Applying the methods of statistical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Masaki Nomura , Toshio Aoyagi

Neural network models capable of storing memory have been extensively studied in computer science and computational neuroscience. The Hopfield network is a prototypical example of a model designed for associative, or content-addressable,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-24 Marco Cafiso , Paolo Paradisi

The set of the fixed points of the Hopfield type network is under investigation. The connection matrix of the network is constructed according to the Hebb rule from the set of memorized patterns which are treated as distorted copies of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Leonid B. Litinskii

We study the effect of learning dynamics on network topology. A network of discrete dynamical systems is considered for this purpose and the coupling strengths are made to evolve according to a temporal learning rule that is based on the…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2009-11-13 Juergen Jost , Kiran M. Kolwankar

Neural population activity in cortical and hippocampal circuits can be flexibly reorganized by context, suggesting that cognition relies on dynamic manifolds rather than static representations. However, how such dynamic organization can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Chong Li , Taiping Zeng , Xiangyang Xue , Jianfeng Feng

This paper describes how realistic neuromorphic networks can have their connectivity fully characterized in analytical fashion. By assuming that all neurons have the same shape and are regularly distributed along the two-dimensional…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Luciano da Fontoura Costa , Marconi Soares Barbosa

While Hopfield networks are known as paradigmatic models for memory storage and retrieval, modern artificial intelligence systems mainly stand on the machine learning paradigm. We show that it is possible to formulate a teacher-student…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-01-02 Francesco Alemanno , Luca Camanzi , Gianluca Manzan , Daniele Tantari

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

We present a Hopfield-like autoassociative network for memories representing examples of concepts. Each memory is encoded by two activity patterns with complementary properties. The first is dense and correlated across examples within…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-28 Louis Kang , Taro Toyoizumi

A large number of studies have shown the existence of metabolic covalent modifications in different molecular structures, able to store biochemical information that is not encoded by the DNA. Some of these covalent mark patterns can be…

Subcellular Processes · Quantitative Biology 2015-01-12 Ildefonso M. De la Fuente

Neuronal networks alternate between high- and low-activity regimes, known as up and down states. They also display rhythmic patterns essential for perception, memory consolidation, and sensory processing. Despite their importance, the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-22 Kateryna Nechyporenko , Peter Ashwin , Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova

We introduce a three-dimensional vectorial extension of the Hopfield associative-memory model in which each neuron is a unit vector on $S^2$ and synaptic couplings are $3\times 3$ blocks generated through a vectorial Hebbian rule. The…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-12-10 F. Gallavotti , A. Zaccone

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-20 Luca Ambrogioni

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on neuroscience-inspired tasks offer powerful models of brain computation. However, typical training paradigms rely on open-loop, supervised settings, whereas real-world learning unfolds in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yoav Ger , Omri Barak

Associative Memories like the famous Hopfield Networks are elegant models for describing fully recurrent neural networks whose fundamental job is to store and retrieve information. In the past few years they experienced a surge of interest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dmitry Krotov , Benjamin Hoover , Parikshit Ram , Bao Pham

We present results for two different kinds of high order connections between neurons acting as corrections to the Hopfield model. Equilibrium properties are analyzed using the replica mean-field theory and compared with numerical…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-22 J. J. Arenzon , R. M. C. de Almeida