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In quantum field theory, the vacuum is popularly considered to be a complex medium populated with virtual particle + antiparticle pairs. To an observer experiencing uniform acceleration, it is generally held that these virtual particles…

General Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Alexandre Deur , Stanley J. Brodsky , Craig D. Roberts , Balša Terzić

A recent paper claims that loop quantum gravity predicts the absence of the Unruh effect. I show that this is not the case, and take advantage of this opportunity to shed some light on some related issues.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-12-30 Carlo Rovelli

The Unruh effect predicts that a uniformly accelerated observer perceives the vacuum seen by an inertial observer as a thermal bath at a temperature proportional to its proper acceleration. This phenomenon is often regarded as a flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Yuebing Zhou , Jiawei Hu , Hongwei Yu

Whenever an experiment can be described classically, quantum physics must predict the same outcome. Intuitively, there is nothing quantum about an accelerating observer travelling through a vacuum. It is therefore not surprising that many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Sara Kanzi , Daniel Hodgson , Almut Beige

In the Unruh effect an observer with constant acceleration perceives the quantum vacuum as thermal radiation. The Unruh effect has been believed to be a pure quantum phenomenon, but here we show theoretically how the effect arises from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-08-22 Ulf Leonhardt , Itay Griniasty , Sander Wildeman , Emmanuel Fort , Mathias Fink

The Unruh effect is a quantum relativistic effect where the accelerated observer perceives the vacuum as a thermal state. Here we propose the experimental realization of the Unruh effect for interacting ultracold fermions in optical…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2018-12-17 Arkadiusz Kosior , Maciej Lewenstein , Alessio Celi

The Unruh effect, thereby an ideally accelerated quantum detector is predicted to absorb thermalized virtual photons and re-emit real photons, is significantly extended for laboratory accessible configurations. Using modern influence…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-27 Charles H. -T. Wang , Gianluca Gregori , Robert Bingham , Yakubu Adamu , Bethel N. Eneh , Maé C. Rodriguez , Sarah-Jane Twigg

The Unruh effect is the prediction that particle detectors accelerated through the vacuum get excited by the apparent presence of radiation quanta -- a fundamental quantum phenomenon in the presence of acceleration. Prior treatments of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-02 Vivishek Sudhir , Nadine Stritzelberger , Achim Kempf

Derived from semi-classical quantum field theory in curved spacetime, Unruh effect was known as a quantum effect. We find that there does exist a classical correspondence of this effect in electrodynamics. The thermal nature of the vacuum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Shih-Yuin Lin

It is shown that the Unruh effect, i.e. the increase in temperature indicated by a uniformly accelerated thermometer in an inertial vacuum state of a quantum field, cannot be interpreted as the result of an exchange of heat with a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-03-08 Detlev Buchholz , Rainer Verch

A way to encode acceleration directly into fields has recently being proposed, thus establishing a new kind of fields, the accelerated fields. The definition of accelerated fields points to the quantization of space and time, analogously to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-06-15 Lucas Chibebe Céleri , Vasileios Kiosses

The Unruh effect -- according to which linearly accelerated observers with proper acceleration a= constant in the (no-particle) vacuum state of inertial observers experience a thermal bath of particles with temperature $T_U = a \hbar / (2…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-04-26 Gabriel Cozzella , Andre G. S. Landulfo , George E. A. Matsas , Daniel A. T. Vanzella

We generalize the vacuum-Unruh effect to arbitrary excited states in the Fock space and find that the Unruh mode at the horizon induces coherent excitation on the canonical background ensemble measured by an accelerated observer. When there…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-29 Angela Chen

We study the phenomenon of Unruh effect in a massless scalar field theory quantized on the light-front in the general light-front frame. We determine the uniformly accelerating coordinates in such a frame and through a direct transformation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Ashok Das , J. Frenkel , Silvana Perez

A uniformly accelerated system will get thermally excited due to interactions with the vacuum fluctuations of the quantum fields. This is the Unruh effect. Also a system accelerated in a circular orbit will be heated, but in this case…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Jon Magne Leinaas

We show under what conditions an accelerated detector (e.g., an atom/ion/molecule) thermalizes while interacting with the vacuum state of a quantum field in a setup where the detector's acceleration alternates sign across multiple optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-09 Silas Vriend , Daniel Grimmer , Eduardo Martín-Martínez

The Unruh effect predicts an astonishing phenomenon that an accelerated detector would detect counts despite being in a quantum field vacuum in the rest frame. Since the required detector acceleration for its direct observation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Xu Cheng , Yue Li , Zehua Tian , Xingyu Zhao , Xi Qin , Yiheng Lin

We investigate the Unruh-Fulling effect in a class of nonlocal field theories by examining both the number operator and Unruh-DeWitt detector methods. Unlike in previous literature, we use Unruh quantization to quantize the matter field.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-12-01 Ashmita Das , Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

It is shown using both conventional and algebraic approach to quantum field theory that it is impossible to perform quantization on Unruh modes in Minkowski spacetime. Such quantization implies setting boundary condition for the quantum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-09-06 A. M. Fedotov , V. D. Mur , N. B. Narozhny , V. A. Belinskii , B. M. Karnakov

If an Unruh-DeWitt detector operates for an infinite proper time along the trajectory of a uniformly accelerated observer in Fock space then induced transition rate of the detector is proportional to Planck distribution. For a realistic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-01-20 Golam Mortuza Hossain , Gopal Sardar
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