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The security significance of the trace distance security criterion $d$ is analyzed in terms of operational probabilities of an attacker's success in identifying different subsets of the generated key, both during the key generation process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-10 Horace P. Yuen

In 2005, trace distance between an ideal quantum state to be distributed and an actual quantum state distributed was introduced as a valid security measure of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) by R. Renner et al., then it has been perceived…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-13 Takehisa Iwakoshi

The security issues facing quantum key distribution (QKD) are explained, herein focusing on those issues that are cryptographic and information theoretic in nature and not those based on physics. The problem of security criteria is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-25 Horace Yuen

All the currently available unconditional security proofs on quantum key distribution, in particular for the BB84 protocol and its variants including continuous-variable ones, are invalid or incomplete at many points. In this paper we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-23 Horace P. Yuen

A simple counter-example is given on the prevalent interpretation of the trace distance criterion as failure probability in quantum key distribution protocols. A summary of its ramifications is listed.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-21 Horace Yuen

It is claimed in the many papers that a trace distance ($d$) guarantees the universal composition security in quantum key distribution (QKD). In this introduction paper, at first, it is explicitly explained what is the main misconception in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-28 Osamu Hirota

It has been widely claimed and believed that many protocols in quantum key distribution, especially the single-photon BB84 protocol, have been proved unconditionally secure at least in principle, for both asymptotic and finite protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-03 Horace P. Yuen

It is repeatedly and persistently claimed in the literature that a specific trace criterion $d$ would guarantee universal composition security in quantum cryptography. Currently that is the sole basis of unconditional security claim in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-16 Horace P. Yuen

It has been pointed out by Yuen that the security theory of quantum key distribution(QKD) guided by Shor-Preskill theory has serious defects, in particular their key rate theory is not correct. Theory groups of QKD tried to improve several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-07 Osamu Hirota

It is pointed out that treatments of the error correcting code in current quantum key distribution protocols of the BB84 type are not correct under joint attack, and the general interpretation of the trace distance security criterion is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-22 Horace P. Yuen

We analyze the fundamental security significance of the quantitative criteria on the final generated key K in quantum key generation including the quantum criterion d, the attacker's mutual information on K, and the statistical distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-08 Horace Yuen

This work is intended as an introduction to cryptographic security and a motivation for the widely used Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) security definition. We review the notion of security necessary for a protocol to be usable in a larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-12 Christopher Portmann , Renato Renner

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been attracting researchers that it would provide provable security to distribute secret keys since its birth in 1984. Since 2005, the trace distance between an ideal quantum state and an actually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-30 Takehisa Iwakoshi

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is quantified by a parameter $\varepsilon>0$, which -- under well-defined physical assumptions -- can be bounded explicitly. This contrasts with computationally secure schemes, where security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Carla Ferradini , Martin Sandfuchs , Ramona Wolf , Renato Renner

Key distribution plays a fundamental role in cryptography. Currently, the quantum scheme stands as the only known method for achieving unconditionally secure key distribution. This method has been demonstrated over distances of 508 and 1002…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Hua-Lei Yin

Quantum key distribution is widely thought to offer unconditional security in communication between two users. Unfortunately, a widely accepted proof of its security in the presence of source, device and channel noises has been missing.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Hoi-Kwong Lo , H. F. Chau

Quantum key distribution allows remote parties to generate information-theoretic secure keys. The bottleneck throttling its real-life applications lies in the limited communication distance and key generation speed, due to the fact that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-24 Xiongfeng Ma , Pei Zeng , Hongyi Zhou

Several fundamental issues in establishing security in continuous variable quantum key distribution are discussed, in particular on reverse reconciliation and security under heterodyne attack. It appears difficult to derive quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-11 Horace P. Yuen

On the basis of the existing trace distance result, we present a simple and efficient method to tighten the upper bound of the guessing probability. The guessing probability of the final key k can be upper bounded by the guessing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-17 Xiang-Bin Wang , Jing-Tao Wang , Ji-Qian Qin , Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu

We study the problem of measuring errors in non-trace-preserving quantum operations, with a focus on their impact on quantum computing. We propose an error metric that efficiently provides an upper bound on the trace distance between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Yu Shi , Edo Waks
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