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In this manuscript, we derive the principle of conservation of computational complexity. We measure computational complexity as the number of binary computations (decisions) required to solve a problem. Every problem then defines a unique…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Gerald Friedland , Alfredo Metere

Fagin's seminal result characterizing $\mathsf{NP}$ in terms of existential second-order logic started the fruitful field of descriptive complexity theory. In recent years, there has been much interest in the investigation of quantitative…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-05-01 Guillermo Badia , Manfred Droste , Carles Noguera , Erik Paul

The amount of information in satisfiability problem (SAT) is considered. SAT can be polynomial-time solvable when the solving algorithm holds an exponential amount of information. It is also established that SAT Kolmogorov complexity is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Maciej Drozdowski

Given a sound first-order p-time theory $T$ capable of formalizing syntax of first-order logic we define a p-time function $g_T$ that stretches all inputs by one bit and we use its properties to show that $T$ must be incomplete. We leave it…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jan Krajicek

We compute the probability of satisfiability of a class of random Horn-SAT formulae, motivated by a connection with the nonemptiness problem of finite tree automata. In particular, when the maximum clause length is 3, this model displays a…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Cristopher Moore , Gabriel Istrate , Demetrios Demopoulos , Moshe Y. Vardi

The constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) of a first-order theory T is the computational problem of deciding whether a given conjunction of atomic formulas is satisfiable in some model of T. We study the computational complexity of CSP$(T_1…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Manuel Bodirsky , Johannes Greiner , Jakub Rydval

We consider the hardness of approximation of optimization problems from the point of view of definability. For many NP-hard optimization problems it is known that, unless P = NP, no polynomial-time algorithm can give an approximate solution…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Albert Atserias , Anuj Dawar

Verification of properties of first order logic with two variables FO2 has been investigated in a number of contexts. Over arbitrary structures it is known to be decidable with NEXPTIME complexity, with finitely satisfiable formulas having…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-06-03 Saguy Benaim , Michael Benedikt , Rastislav Lenhardt , James Worrell

We consider the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of the first-order logic extended with modulo counting quantifiers and interpreted over finite words or trees. We prove a small-model property of this logic, which gives a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Bartosz Bednarczyk , Witold Charatonik

We analyse the complexity of the satisfiability problem ssmSAT for State Space Models (SSM), which asks whether an input sequence can lead the model to an accepting configuration. We find that ssmSAT is undecidable in general, reflecting…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange

We report a new limitation on the ability of physical systems to perform computation -- one that is based on generalizing the notion of memory, or storage space, available to the system to perform the computation. Roughly, we define memory…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Mark Braverman , Cristobal Rojas , Jonathan Schneider

This paper introduces a generic framework that provides sufficient conditions for guaranteeing polynomial-time decidability of fixed-negation fragments of first-order theories that adhere to certain fixed-parameter tractability…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Christoph Haase , Alessio Mansutti , Amaury Pouly

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) holds a central place in computational complexity theory as the first shown NP-complete problem. Due to this role, SAT is often used as the benchmark for polynomial-time reductions: if a problem can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yumiko Nishiyama

Complexity classes such as $\#\mathbf{P}$, $\oplus\mathbf{P}$, $\mathbf{GapP}$, $\mathbf{OptP}$, $\mathbf{NPMV}$, or the class of fuzzy languages realised by polynomial-time fuzzy nondeterministic Turing machines, can all be described in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Peter Kostolányi

The boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem asks whether there exists an assignment of boolean values to the variables of an arbitrary boolean formula making the formula evaluate to True. It is well-known that all NP-problems can be coded as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Christopher R. Serrano , Jonathan Gallagher , Kenji Yamada , Alexei Kopylov , Michael A. Warren

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is one of the most fundamental problems in computer science. The worst-case hardness of SAT lies at the core of computational complexity theory. The average-case analysis of SAT has triggered the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tobias Friedrich , Anton Krohmer , Ralf Rothenberger , Thomas Sauerwald , Andrew M. Sutton

Over the last two decades, propositional satisfiability (SAT) has become one of the most successful and widely applied techniques for the solution of NP-complete problems. The aim of this paper is to investigate theoretically how Sat can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-05-06 Johannes Klaus Fichte , Stefan Szeider

We study Linear Temporal Logic Modulo Theories over Finite Traces (LTLfMT), a recently introduced extension of LTL over finite traces (LTLf) where propositions are replaced by first-order formulas and where first-order variables referring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Luca Geatti , Alessandro Gianola , Nicola Gigante , Sarah Winkler

Model counting is the problem of computing the number of models that satisfy a given propositional theory. It has recently been applied to solving inference tasks in probabilistic logic programming, where the goal is to compute the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-21 Rehan Abdul Aziz , Geoffrey Chu , Christian Muise , Peter Stuckey

We develop a complexity theory for approximate real computations. We first produce a theory for exact computations but with condition numbers. The input size depends on a condition number, which is not assumed known by the machine. The…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Gregorio Malajovich , Mike Shub