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Temporal graphs extend ordinary graphs with discrete time that affects the availability of edges. We consider solving games played on temporal graphs where one player aims to explore the graph, i.e., visit all vertices. The complexity…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Pete Austin , Nicolas Mazzocchi , Sougata Bose , Patrick Totzke

A poset game is a two-player game played over a partially ordered set (poset) in which the players alternate choosing an element of the poset, removing it and all elements greater than it. The first player unable to select an element of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Daniel Grier

Bloxorz is an online puzzle game where players move a 1 by 1 by 2 block by tilting it on a subset of the two dimensional grid. Bloxorz features switches that open and close trapdoors. The puzzle is to move the block from its initial…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-11-24 Tom C. van der Zanden , Hans L. Bodlaender

We study multiplayer quantitative reachability games played on a finite directed graph, where the objective of each player is to reach his target set of vertices as quickly as possible. Instead of the well-known notion of Nash equilibrium…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Thomas Brihaye , Véronique Bruyère , Aline Goeminne , Jean-François Raskin , Marie van den Bogaard

For any odd integer $n\geq3$ a board (of size $n$) is a square array of $n\times n$ positions with a simple rule of how to move between positions. The goal of the game we introduce is to find a path from the upper left corner of a board to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-05 Ary Shaviv

The 15 puzzle is a classic reconfiguration puzzle with fifteen uniquely labeled unit squares within a $4 \times 4$ board in which the goal is to slide the squares (without ever overlapping) into a target configuration. By generalizing the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Erik D. Demaine , Mikhail Rudoy

Many puzzle video games, like Sokoban, involve moving some agent in a maze. The reachable locations are usually apparent for a human player, and the difficulty of the game is mainly related to performing actions on objects, such as pushing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Miquel Bofill , Cristina Borralleras , Joan Espasa , Mateu Villaret

We study the computational complexity of the popular board game backgammon. We show that deciding whether a player can win from a given board configuration is NP-Hard, PSPACE-Hard, and EXPTIME-Hard under different settings of known and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-12-15 R. Teal Witter

Burke and Teng introduced a two-player combinatorial game Atropos based on Sperner's lemma, and showed that deciding whether one has a winning strategy for Atropos is PSPACE-complete. In the original Atropos game, the players must color a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Chao Yang , Zhujun Zhang

Tumbleweed is a popular two-player perfect-information new territorial game played at the prestigious Mind Sport Olympiad. We define a generalized version of the game, where the board size is arbitrary and so is the possible number of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Lear Bahack

The complexity class $PSPACE$ includes all computational problems that can be solved by a classical computer with polynomial memory. All $PSPACE$ problems are known to be solvable by a quantum computer too with polynomial memory and are,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Shibdas Roy

We study the computational complexity of the Buttons \& Scissors game and obtain sharp thresholds with respect to several parameters. Specifically we show that the game is NP-complete for $C = 2$ colors but polytime solvable for $C = 1$.…

In this paper, we show that the problem of determining whether one player can force a win in a multiplayer version of the children's card game War is PSPACE-hard. The same reduction shows that a related problem, asking whether a player can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-11 Jonathan Weed

We prove PSPACE-completeness of several reversible, fully deterministic systems. At the core, we develop a framework for such proofs (building on a result of Tsukiji and Hagiwara and a framework for motion planning through gadgets), showing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Erik D. Demaine , Robert A. Hearn , Dylan Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch

We present the proof that the temporal logic of two-dimensional Minkowski spacetime is decidable, PSPACE-complete. The proof is based on a type of two-dimensional mosaic. Then we present the modification of the proof so as to work for…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-06-15 Robin Hirsch , Brett McLean

Exactly 20 years ago at MFCS, Demaine posed the open problem whether the game of Dots & Boxes is PSPACE-complete. Dots & Boxes has been studied extensively, with for instance a chapter in Berlekamp et al. "Winning Ways for Your Mathematical…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kevin Buchin , Mart Hagedoorn , Irina Kostitsyna , Max van Mulken

We study a new modification of the Arrival problem, which allows for nodes that exhibit random as well as controlled behaviour, in addition to switching nodes. We study the computational complexity of these extensions, building on existing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Thomas Webster

An open-close door gadget has two states and three tunnels that can be traversed by an agent (player, robot, etc.): the "opening" and "closing" tunnels set the gadget's state to open and closed, respectively, while the "traverse" tunnel can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-17 MIT Gadgets Group , Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Dylan Hendrickson , Hayashi Layers , Jayson Lynch

Many problems in compositional synthesis and verification of multi-agent systems -- such as rational verification and assume-guarantee verification in probabilistic systems -- reduce to reasoning about two-player multi-objective stochastic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Moritz Graf , Anthony Lin , Rupak Majumdar

We initiate the study of trembling-hand perfection in sequential (i.e., extensive-form) games with correlation. We introduce the extensive-form perfect correlated equilibrium (EFPCE) as a refinement of the classical extensive-form…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Alberto Marchesi , Nicola Gatti