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This chapter gives an overview of the principles of low temperature refrigeration and the thermodynamics behind it. Basic cryogenic processes - Joule-Thomoson process, Brayton process as well as Claude process - are described and compared.…
We propose an optimal operation control strategy for an electro-thermal microgrid. Compared to existing work, our approach increases flexibility by operating the thermal network with variable flow temperatures and in that way explicitly…
Trapped ions are pre-eminent candidates for building quantum information processors and quantum simulators. They have been used to demonstrate quantum gates and algorithms, quantum error correction, and basic quantum simulations. However,…
This paper presents a physics-based analytical model for the MOS transistor operating continuously from room temperature down to liquid-helium temperature (4.2 K) from depletion to strong inversion and in the linear and saturation regimes.…
An accurate analysis of the conduction heat transfer in a cryogenic flask is made and some useful formulae are derived. Taking into account the temperature dependence of conductivity and tensile strength of the supporting rods for a helium…
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of beam formation from a cryogenic buffer gas cell. Atoms and molecules are loaded into the cell by laser ablation of a target, and are cooled and swept out of the cell by a flow of…
A thermal heat switch has been developed intended for cryogenic space applications operating around 100 K. The switch was designed to separate two pulse tube cold heads that cool a common focal plane array. Two cold heads are used for…
A fundamental challenge of the quantum revolution is to efficiently interface the quantum computing systems operating at cryogenic temperatures with room temperature electronics and media for high data-rate communication. Current approaches…
We developed a cryogenic system on a rotating table that achieves sub-Kelvin conditions. The cryogenic system consists of a helium sorption cooler and a pulse tube cooler in a cryostat mounted on a rotating table. Two rotary-joint…
A scaled-up quantum computer will require a highly efficient control interface that autonomously manipulates and reads out large numbers of qubits, which for solid-state implementations are usually held at millikelvin (mK) temperatures.…
In the present paper we propose a reduced temperature non-equilibrium model for simulating multicomponent flows with inter-phase heat transfer, diffusion processes (including the viscosity and the heat conduction) and external energy…
A new method of refrigeration is proposed. Cooling is obtained by thermionic emission of electrons over periodic barriers in a multilayer geometry. These could be either Schottky barriers between metals and semiconductors or else barriers…
Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time…
The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture is a leading candidate for advanced quantum information processing. In current QCCD implementations, imperfect ion transport and anomalous heating can excite ion motion…
A mathematical model of the heat process in one-dimensional domain governed by a cylindrical heat equation with a heat source on the axis $z=0$ and nonlinear thermal coefficients is considered. The developed model is particularly applicable…
In this work, we describe and demonstrate a novel Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) driven methodology to re-center room-temperature Process Design Kits (PDKs) for cryogenic operation using a limited set of experimental measurements.…
Untangling the relationship between reactions, mass transfer, and temperature within lithium-ion batteries enables control approaches that mitigate thermal hot spots and slow degradation. Here, we develop an efficient physics-based…
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and grid energy storage systems. Compared to cylindrical batteries, prismatic cells are the primary choice because of their advantage for dense packing. However, thermal runaway and…
The site-diluted Ising model has been investigated using an improved microcanonical algorithm from Creutz Cellular Automaton. For a microcanonical algorithm, the basic problem is to estimate the correct temperatures using average values of…
The period 1980-2000 saw the impressive development of applied superconductivity in high-energy particle accelerators, from single components to long strings of superconducting magnets and high-frequency acceleration cavities. Large and…