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We address the swimming problem at low Reynolds number. This regime, which is typically used for micro-swimmers, is described by Stokes equations. We couple a PDE solver of Stokes equations, derived from the Feel++ finite elements library,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-11-28 Luca Berti , Laetitia Giraldi , Christophe Prud'Homme

In a recent letter (Friedrich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109:138102, 2012), a minimal model swimmer was proposed that propels itself at low Reynolds numbers by a revolving motion of a pair of spheres. The motion of the two spheres can…

Cell Behavior · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-12 Katja Polotzek , Benjamin M. Friedrich

In this work, we propose a novel quadrotor design capable of folding its arms vertically to grasp objects and navigate through narrow spaces. The transformation is controlled actively by a central servomotor, gears, and racks. The arms…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Tingyu Yeh , Mengxin Xu , Lijun Han

In this paper we study a mathematical model of one-dimensional swimmers performing a planar motion while fully immersed in a viscous fluid. The swimmers are assumed to be of small size, and all inertial effects are neglected. Hydrodynamic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-04-25 Gianni Dal Maso , Antonio DeSimone , Marco Morandotti

Squirmers are models of a class of microswimmers, such as ciliated organisms and phoretic particles, that self-propel in fluids without significant deformation of their body shape. Available techniques for their simulation are based on the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-03-20 Stevens Paz Sánchez , Gustavo C. Buscaglia

The kinematic model for the planar Purcell's swimmer - a low Reynolds number microswimmer is derived and used extensively in the literature. We revisit the derivation and give the explicit expression of the local form of the connection form…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-15 Sudin Kadam , Ravi N. Banavar

Robotic swimmers are currently a subject of extensive research and development for several underwater applications. Clever design and planning must rely on simple theoretical models that account for the swimmer's hydrodynamics in order to…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-11-21 Evgenia Virozub , Oren Wiezel , Alon Wolf , Yizhar Or

We present and analyse a simple model for the twisting somersault. The model is a rigid body with a rotor attached which can be switched on and off. This makes it simple enough to devise explicit analytical formulas whilst still maintaining…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-02-01 Sudarsh Bharadwaj , Nathan Duignan , Holger R. Dullin , Karen Leung , William Tong

Optimal gait design is important for micro-organisms and micro-robots that propel themselves in a fluid environment in the absence of external force or torque. The simplest models of shape changes are those that comprise a series of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2019-10-01 Qixuan Wang

We use the boundary element method to study the low-Reynolds number locomotion of a spherical model microorganism in a circular tube. The swimmer propels itself by tangen- tial or normal surface motion in a tube whose radius is on the order…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2013-06-11 Lailai Zhu , Eric Lauga , Luca Brandt

Swimming cells and microorganisms are a critical component of many biological processes. In order to better interpret experimental studies of low Reynolds number swimming, we combine experimental and numerical methods to perform an analysis…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2016-09-14 Thomas D. Montenegro-Johnson , David A. Gagnon , Paulo E. Arratia , Eric Lauga

Motivated by recent advances in vesicle engineering, we consider theoretically the locomotion of shape-changing bilayer vesicles at low Reynolds number. By modulating their volume and membrane composition, the vesicles can be made to change…

Biological Physics · Physics 2010-04-09 Arthur A. Evans , Saverio E. Spagnolie , Eric Lauga

We have developed a minimal model of a swimmer without body deformation based on force and torque dipoles which allows accurate 3D Navier-Stokes calculations. Our model can reproduce swimmer propulsion for a large range of Reynolds numbers,…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Bruno Ventéjou , Thibaut Métivet , Aurélie Dupont , Philippe Peyla

Translational and rotational swimming at small Reynolds number of a planar assembly of identical spheres immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid is studied on the basis of a set of equations of motion for the individual spheres. The…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-25 B. U. Felderhof

Active dumbbell suspensions constitute one of the simplest model system for collective swimming at low Reynolds number. Generalizing recent work, we derive and analyze stroke-averaged equations of motion that capture the effective…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2010-10-12 Victor B. Putz , Jörn Dunkel

We present and analyse a numerical method for understanding the low-inertia dynamics of an open, inextensible viscoelastic rod - a long and thin three dimensional object - representing the body of a long, thin microswimmer. Our model allows…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-07 Thomas Ranner

We investigate the incompressible flow past a square cylinder immersed in the wake of an upstream nearby splitter plate separating two streams of different velocity. The bottom stream Reynolds number, based on the square side, $Re_B=56$ is…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-11-09 Reda El Mansy , Wasim Sarwar , Josep M Bergada , Fernando Mellibovsky

Microorganisms thrive in complex environments and their behavior in fluids holds significant importance for various medical and industrial applications. By conducting Lattice Boltzmann simulations, the transport and rotational properties of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-03-25 Yuan Zhou , Kai Qi , Marco De Corato , Kevin Stratford , Ignacio Pagonabarraga

We computationally study the kinematics of a simple model reciprocal swimmer (asymmetric dumbbell) as a function of the Reynolds number (Re) and investigate how the onset and gradual increase of inertia impacts the swimming behavior: a…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-07-01 Thomas Dombrowski , Daphne Klotsa

Self-propelled phoretic swimmers are generally studied in the laminar flow regime, where their low speed renders inertial effects negligible and trajectories highly predictable. This research tackles the challenge of propulsion in the…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-01-19 Alessandro Foradori , Paolo Bettotti