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It is known that real Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) do not exist for any dimension $d > 2$ which is not divisible by 4. Thus, the next combinatorial question is how one can construct Approximate Real MUBs (ARMUBs) in this direction with…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra , Uddipto Mandal

In order to describe the right setting to handle Zauner's conjecture on mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) (saying that in $\mathbb{C}^d$, a set of MUBs of the theoretical maximal size $d + 1$ exists only if $d$ is a prime power), we pose some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-12 Koen Thas

We show that k=w+2 mutually unbiased bases can be constructed in any square dimension d=s^2 provided that there are w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s. The construction combines the design-theoretic objects (k,s)-nets (which can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Pawel Wocjan , Thomas Beth

We show that in a complex d-dimensional vector space, one can find O(d) bases whose elements form a 2-design. Such vector sets generalize the notion of a maximal collection of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). MUBs have manifold applications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-05-19 Gary McConnell , David Gross

The study of Mutually Unbiased Bases continues to be developed vigorously, and presents several challenges in the Quantum Information Theory. Two orthonormal bases in $\mathbb C^d, B {and} B'$ are said mutually unbiased if $\forall b\in B,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-12 M. Combescure

Mutually Unbiased bases has various application in quantum information procession and coding theory. There can be maximum d + 1 MUBs in C^d and d/2 +1 MUBs in R^d. But , over R^d MUBs are known to be non existent when d is odd and for most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ajeet Kumar , Uditanshu Sadual

A set of $k$ orthonormal bases of $\mathbb C^d$ is called mutually unbiased if $|\langle e,f\rangle |^2 = 1/d$ whenever $e$ and $f$ are basis vectors in distinct bases. A natural question is for which pairs $(d,k)$ there exist~$k$ mutually…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-01 Sander Gribling , Sven Polak

In this paper, claims by Lemmens and Seidel in 1973 about equiangular sets of lines with angle $1/5$ are proved by carefully analyzing pillar decompositions, with the aid of the uniqueness of two-graphs on $276$ vertices. The Neumann…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-30 Yen-chi Roger Lin , Wei-Hsuan Yu

We develop a strong connection between maximally commuting bases of orthogonal unitary matrices and mutually unbiased bases. A necessary condition of the existence of mutually unbiased bases for any finite dimension is obtained. Then a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay , P. Oscar Boykin , Vwani Roychowdhury , Farrokh Vatan

We derive a procedure for computing an upper bound on the number of equiangular lines in various Euclidean vector spaces by generalizing the classical pillar decomposition developed by (Lemmens and Seidel, 1973); namely, we use linear…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-28 Emily J. King , Xiaoxian Tang

Construction of a large class of Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) for non-prime power composite dimensions ($d = k\times s$) is a long standing open problem, which leads to different construction methods for the class Approximate MUBs (AMUBs)…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ajeet Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra

The mean king's problem with maximal mutually unbiased bases (MUB's) in general dimension d is investigated. It is shown that a solution of the problem exists if and only if the maximal number (d+1) of orthogonal Latin squares exists. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 A. Hayashi , M. Horibe , T. Hashimoto

A new way of constructing unextendible maximally entangled basis (UMEB) from maximally entangled basis (MEB) is proposed. Consequently, it is shown that if there is an $N$-member UMEB in $\mathbb{C}^d\otimes \mathbb{C}^d$, then there exists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-07 Yu Guo

A set of lines through the origin is called equiangular if every pair of lines defines the same angle, and the maximum size of an equiangular set of lines in $\mathbb{R}^n$ was studied extensively for the last 70 years. In this paper, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-24 Igor Balla , Benny Sudakov

We determine the maximum number $N_\alpha(d)$ of equiangular lines with fixed angle $\arccos\alpha$ for $\alpha = 1/(1+2\sqrt2)$ in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space: $2,3,4,6,8,10,14,15,16,17,18,20,22$ for $d \in \{2,\dots,14\}$, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-04 Theodore Gossett , Zilin Jiang , Adam Teets , Zoe Wellner

Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) are closely connected with quantum physics, and the structure has a rich mathematical background. We provide equivalent criteria for extending a set of MUBs for $C^n$ by studying real points of a certain…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Arindam Banerjee , Kanoy Kumar Das , Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra

We systematically study the construction of mutually unbiased bases in $\mathbb{C}^{2}\bigotimes\mathbb{C}^{3}$, such that all the bases are unextendible maximally entangled ones. Necessary conditions of constructing a pair of mutually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Halqem Nizamidin , Teng Ma , Shao-Ming Fei

We study mutually unbiased maximally entangled bases (MUMEB's) in bipartite system $\mathbb{C}^d\otimes\mathbb{C}^d (d \geq 3)$. We generalize the method to construct MUMEB's given in [16], by using any commutative ring $R$ with $d$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-12 Junying Liu , Minghui Yang , Keqin Feng

We construct two mutually unbiased bases by maximally entangled states (MUMEB$s$) in $\mathbb{C}^{2}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{3}$. This is the first example of MUMEB$s$ in $\mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d'}$ when $d\nmid d'$, namely $d'$ is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Fei Shi , Xiande Zhang , Lin Chen

We initiate a systematic study of triplets of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). We show that in $\mathbb{C}^d$ each MUB-triplet is characterized by a $d\times d\times d$ object that we call a Hadamard cube. We describe the basic properties of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-22 Máte Matolcsi , Ákos K. Matszangosz , Dániel Varga , Mihály Weiner