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Stein's method (Stein, 1973; 1981) is a powerful tool for statistical applications and has significantly impacted machine learning. Stein's lemma plays an essential role in Stein's method. Previous applications of Stein's lemma either…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Wu Lin , Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan , Mark Schmidt

The first essential ingredient to build up Stein's method for a continuous target distribution is to identify a so-called \textit{Stein operator}, namely a linear differential operator with polynomial coefficients. In this paper, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-01-11 Ehsan Azmoodeh , Dario Gasbarra , Robert E. Gaunt

This monograph provides a rigorous overview of theoretical and methodological aspects of probabilistic inference and learning with Stein's method. Recipes are provided for constructing Stein discrepancies from Stein operators and Stein…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Qiang Liu , Lester Mackey , Chris Oates

The Stein's method is a popular method used to derive upper-bounds of distances between probability distributions. It can be viewed, in certain of its formulations, as an avatar of the semi-group or of the smart-path method used commonly in…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-05-25 Laurent Decreusefond

We present a straightforward formulation of Stein's method for the semicircular distribution, specifically designed for the analysis of non-commutative random variables. Our approach employs a non-commutative version of Stein's heuristic,…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-03 Mario Díaz , Arturo Jaramillo

We build on the formalism developed in [arXiv:1906.08372v1] to propose new representations of solutions to Stein equations. We provide new uniform and non uniform bounds on these solutions (a.k.a.\ Stein factors). We use these…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-11-14 Marie Ernst , Yvik Swan

From the distributional characterizations that lie at the heart of Stein's method we derive explicit formulae for the mass functions of discrete probability laws that identify those distributions. These identities are applied to develop…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-16 Steffen Betsch , Bruno Ebner , Franz Nestmann

By extrapolating the explicit formula of the zero-bias distribution occurring in the context of Stein's method, we construct characterization identities for a large class of absolutely continuous univariate distributions. Instead of trying…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-02-26 Steffen Betsch , Bruno Ebner

We propose probabilistic representations for inverse Stein operators (i.e. solutions to Stein equations) under general conditions; in particular we deduce new simple expressions for the Stein kernel. These representations allow to deduce…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-06-21 Marie Ernst , Gesine Reinert , Yvik Swan

Stein's method is used to approximate sums of discrete and locally dependent random variables by a centered and symmetric Binomial distribution. Under appropriate smoothness properties of the summands, the same order of accuracy as in the…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Adrian Röllin

Stein's (1972) method is a very general tool for assessing the quality of approximation of the distribution of a random element by another, often simpler, distribution. In applications of Stein's method, one needs to establish a Stein…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Andrew D. Barbour , Vydas Cekanavicius , Aihua Xia

In this paper we propose a new, simple and explicit mechanism allowing to derive Stein operators for random variables whose characteristic function satisfies a simple ODE. We apply this to study random variables which can be represented as…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Benjamin Arras , Ehsan Azmoodeh , Guillaume Poly , Yvik Swan

In this paper use the Stein method to characterize the $M$-Wright distribution $M_{\frac{1}{3}}$ and its symmetrization. The Stein operator is associated with the general Airy equation and the corresponding Stein equation is nothing but a…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-08-11 José Luís da Silva , Mohamed Erraoui

We present, in a unified way, a Stein methodology for infinitely divisible laws (without Gaussian component) having finite first moment. Based on a correlation representation, we obtain a characterizing non-local Stein operator which boils…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-04-08 Benjamin Arras , Christian Houdré

We show how the infinitesimal exchangeable pairs approach to Stein's method combines naturally with the theory of Markov semigroups. We present a multivariate normal approximation theorem for functions of a random variable invariant with…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-01 David Grzybowski , Mark Meckes

We establish inequalities for assessing the distance between the distribution of errors of partially observed high-frequency statistics of multidimensional L\'evy processes and that of a mixed Gaussian random variable. Furthermore, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Chiara Amorino , Arturo Jaramillo , Mark Podolskij

We establish distributional estimates for noncommutative martingales, in the sense of decreasing rearrangements of the spectra of unbounded operators, which generalises the study of distributions of random variables. Our results include…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Yong Jiao , Fedor Sukochev , Lian Wu , Dmitriy Zanin

In this paper, we propose a modification to the density approach to Stein's method for intervals for the unit circle $\mathbb{S}^1$ which is motivated by the differing geometry of $\mathbb{S}^1$ to Euclidean space. We provide an upper bound…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-05-28 Alexander Lewis

This paper is a short exposition of Stein's method of normal approximation from my personal perspective. It focuses mainly on the characterization of the normal distribution and the construction of Stein identities. Through examples, it…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Louis H. Y. Chen

Over the last 80 years there has been much interest in the problem of finding an explicit formula for the probability density function of two zero mean correlated normal random variables. Motivated by this historical interest, we use a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-04-13 Robert E. Gaunt