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The fluid-dynamical modeling of a nuclear collision at high energy usually starts shortly after the collision. A major source of uncertainty comes from the detailed modeling of the initial state. While the collision itself likely involves…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-22 Andreas Kirchner , Federica Capellino , Eduardo Grossi , Stefan Floerchinger

We investigate the possibility of selecting heavy ion collision events with certain features in the initial state ("event engineering"). Anisotropic flow measurements in heavy ion reactions have confirmed the almost ideal fluid dynamical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-11-13 Hannah Petersen , Berndt Muller

We quantitatively estimate properties of the quark-gluon plasma created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions utilizing Bayesian statistics and a multi-parameter model-to-data comparison. The study is performed using a recently…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-08-22 Jonah E. Bernhard , J. Scott Moreland , Steffen A. Bass , Jia Liu , Ulrich Heinz

Studies of QCD phase transition signals are often conducted under spatially uniform temperature conditions. However, the influence of spatial temperature gradients on the signals emerging at the phase interface in the fireball generated by…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-06 Lijia Jiang , Tao Yang , Jun-Hui Zheng

Hydrodynamic description requires a local thermodynamic equilibrium of the system under study but an approximate hydrodynamic behaviour is already manifested when a momentum distribution of liquid components is not of equilibrium form but…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-11 Stanislaw Mrowczynski

The recently formulated framework of anisotropic hydrodynamics is used in 3+1 dimensions to study behavior of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The model predictions for various hadronic observables show that the effects…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-14 W. Florkowski , M. Martinez , R. Ryblewski , M. Strickland

The states of matter produced in the early stage of heavy ion collisions can be highly anisotropic. If such a feature is sufficiently pronounced, one should expect the final particle distribution inside jets to reflect it in the form of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-03-26 Joao Barata , Carlos A. Salgado , Joao M. Silva

We argue that the idea that the parton system created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is formed in a state with transverse momenta close to thermodynamic equilibrium and its subsequent dynamics at early times is dominated by pure…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 A. Bialas , M. Chojnacki , W. Florkowski

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions suggest that low momentum regions of the observed particle spectra are thermal and hydrodynamic, while medium-high momentum regions are non-thermal and perturbative. In this study, I construct a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-08-09 Akihiko Monnai

The photon emission from the late stages of the dynamical evolution of heavy-ion reactions at the highest RHIC and LHC energies is investigated. A comparison between a calculation from hadronic rates from a fluid dynamic evolution down to…

In this paper we study the jet response (particularly azimuthal anisotropy) as a hard probe of the harmonic fluctuations in the initial condition of central heavy ion collisions. By implementing the fluctuations via cumulant expansion for…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-06-11 Xilin Zhang , Jinfeng Liao

The time evolution of the medium created in heavy ion collisions can be described by hydrodynamical models. After expansion and cooling, the hadrons are created in a freeze-out. Their distribution describes the final state of this medium.…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-25 Mate Csanad , Andras Szabo

In this work it is shown that the use of a hydrodynamical model of heavy ion collisions which incorporates recent developments, together with updated photon emission rates greatly improves agreement with both ALICE and PHENIX measurements…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-04-27 Jean-François Paquet , Chun Shen , Gabriel S. Denicol , Matthew Luzum , Björn Schenke , Sangyong Jeon , Charles Gale

Kinetic equilibration during the early stage of a relativistic heavy ion collision is studied using a radiative transport model. Thermalization is found to dominate over expansion with medium regulated cross sections. Pressure anisotropy…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-03-13 Bin Zhang

How can we gain a detailed insight into the hydrodynamic response of the system created in heavy ion collisions to the fluctuating initial geometry and viscous effects? Do we create a strongly interacting medium in proton-nucleus and…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2021-05-18 Georgios Konstantinos Krintiras

A recently developed framework of highly-anisotropic and strongly-dissipative hydrodynamics -- ADHYDRO -- has been introduced and used to analyze the space-time evolution of matter produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-07-04 Radoslaw Ryblewski

Using a viscous hydrodynamic model coupled to a hadronic cascade code, numerous features of the dynamics and equilibrium properties are explored for their impact on femtoscopic measurements. The equation of state, viscous parameters and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 Scott Pratt , Joshua Vredevoogd

Relativistic heavy ion collisions have reached energies that enable the creation of a novel state of matter termed the quark-gluon plasma. Many observables point to a picture of the medium as rapidly equilibrating and expanding as a nearly…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-07-19 James L. Nagle , Ian G. Bearden , William A. Zajc

Anisotropic flow is recognized as one of the main observables providing information on the early stage of a heavy-ion collision. At RHIC the observed strong collective flow of the bulk matter is considered evidence for an early onset of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Raimond Snellings

We focus on the initial state spatial anisotropies, originating at the thermalization stage, for central collisions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We propose that a plot of the root mean square values of the flow coefficients…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Ananta P. Mishra , Ranjita K. Mohapatra , P. S. Saumia , Ajit M. Srivastava