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Today, billions of display ad impressions are purchased on a daily basis through a public auction hosted by real time bidding (RTB) exchanges. A decision has to be made for advertisers to submit a bid for each selected RTB ad request in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-15 Kuang-Chih Lee , Ali Jalali , Ali Dasdan

Displaying banner advertisements (in short, ads) on webpages has usually been discussed as an Internet economics topic where a publisher uses auction models to sell an online user's page view to advertisers and the one with the highest bid…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-02 Xiang Chen , Bowei Chen , Mohan Kankanhalli

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) display advertising is a method for purchasing display advertising inventory in auctions that occur within milliseconds. The performance of RTB campaigns is generally measured with a series of Key Performance…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Michael Tashman , Jiayi Xie , John Hoffman , Lee Winikor , Rouzbeh Gerami

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective technique for training decision-making agents through interactions with their environment. The advent of deep learning has been associated with highly notable successes with sequential decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Michael Tashman , John Hoffman , Jiayi Xie , Fengdan Ye , Atefeh Morsali , Lee Winikor , Rouzbeh Gerami

In online advertising, display ads are increasingly being placed based on real-time auctions where the advertiser who wins gets to serve the ad. This is called real-time bidding (RTB). In RTB, auctions have very tight time constraints on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-14 Bjarne Ørum Fruergaard , Toke Jansen Hansen , Lars Kai Hansen

Bidding optimization is one of the most critical problems in online advertising. Sponsored search (SS) auction, due to the randomness of user query behavior and platform nature, usually adopts keyword-level bidding strategies. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Jun Zhao , Guang Qiu , Ziyu Guan , Wei Zhao , Xiaofei He

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. For large publishers, simultaneously selling impressions through both guaranteed contracts and in-house…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xiujun Chen , Junwei Pan , Xun Yang , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kuang-Chih Lee

This article discusses the troubled relationship between contemporary advertising technology (adtech) systems, in particular systems of real-time bidding (RTB, also known as programmatic advertising) underpinning much behavioral targeting…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Michael Veale , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event (e.g., registering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Jian Xu , Xuhui Shao , Jianjie Ma , Kuang-chih Lee , Hang Qi , Quan Lu

In display ad auctions of Real-Time Bid-ding (RTB), a typical Demand-Side Platform (DSP)bids based on the predicted probability of click and conversion right after an ad impression. Recent studies find such a strategy is suboptimal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Daisuke Moriwaki , Yuta Hayakawa , Akira Matsui , Yuta Saito , Isshu Munemasa , Masashi Shibata

In recent years, RTB(Real Time Bidding) becomes a popular online advertisement trading method. During the auction, each DSP(Demand Side Platform) is supposed to evaluate current opportunity and respond with an ad and corresponding bid…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-29 Huahui Liu , Mingrui Zhu , Xiaonan Meng , Yi Hu , Hao Wang

The Real Time Bidding (RTB) protocol is by now more than a decade old. During this time, a handful of measurement papers have looked at bidding strategies, personal information flow, and cost of display advertising through RTB. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Michalis Pachilakis , Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Nikolaos Laoutaris , Evangelos P. Markatos , Nicolas Kourtellis

Real-Time Bidding is a new Internet advertising system that has become very popular in recent years. This system works like a global auction where advertisers bid to display their impressions in the publishers' ad slots. The most popular…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Luis Miralles-Pechuán , Fernando Jiménez , José Manuel García

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is an important mechanism in modern online advertising systems. Advertisers employ bidding strategies in RTB to optimize their advertising effects subject to various financial requirements, especially the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Haozhe Wang , Chao Du , Panyan Fang , Shuo Yuan , Xuming He , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

We study and formulate arbitrage in display advertising. Real-Time Bidding (RTB) mimics stock spot exchanges and utilises computers to algorithmically buy display ads per impression via a real-time auction. Despite the new automation, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

Real time bidding (RTB) enables demand side platforms (bidders) to scale ad campaigns across multiple publishers affiliated to an RTB ad exchange. While driving multiple campaigns for mobile app install ads via RTB, the bidder typically has…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Anit Kumar Sahu , Shaunak Mishra , Narayan Bhamidipati

Online Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is a complex auction game among which advertisers struggle to bid for ad impressions when a user request occurs. Considering display cost, Return on Investment (ROI), and other influential Key Performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Haolin Zhou , Chaoqi Yang , Xiaofeng Gao , Qiong Chen , Gongshen Liu , Guihai Chen

Traditional auction theory posits that bid value exhibits a positive correlation with the probability of securing the auctioned object in ascending auctions. However, under uncertainty and incomplete information, as is characteristic in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-19 Dipankar Das

There are two major ways of selling impressions in display advertising. They are either sold in spot through auction mechanisms or in advance via guaranteed contracts. The former has achieved a significant automation via real-time bidding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-11 Bowei Chen , Shuai Yuan , Jun Wang

Over the past decade, programmatic advertising has received a great deal of attention in the online advertising industry. A real-time bidding (RTB) system is rapidly becoming the most popular method to buy and sell online advertising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Ido Zehori , Nevo Itzhak , Yuval Shahar , Mia Dor Schiller