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The growing demands of artificial intelligence and immersive media require communication beyond bit-level accuracy to meaning awareness. Conventional optical systems that focused on syntactic precision suffer significant inefficiencies.…
Modern detector manufacturing allows spectral and polarimetric filters to be directly integrated on top of separate detector pixels. This enables the creation of CubeSat-sized spectro-polarimetric instruments that are not much larger than…
A photonic spectrograph can be much smaller than a conventional spectrograph with the same resolving power. Individual devices can be integrated with optical fibres to improve the multiplex gain in astronomical spectroscopy. Although…
Hyperspectral cameras face harsh trade-offs between spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution in inherently low-photon conditions. Computational imaging systems break through these trade-offs with compressive sensing, but have required…
High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…
Transformation optics offers an unconventional approach to the control of electromagnetic fields. A transformation optical structure is designed by first applying a form-invariant coordinate transform to Maxwell's equations, in which part…
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful tool that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of spatial and diffraction information, driven by recent advancements in direct electron detector…
Photonic integrated circuits are gaining traction in the field of telecommunications and information processing for their low-loss and high-throughput data transmission in comparison to electronic integrated circuits. However, they are…
Digital micromirror device (DMD) serves in a significant part of computational optical setups as a means of encoding an image by the desired pattern. The most prominent is its usage in the so-called single-pixel camera experiment. This…
Extreme adaptive optics systems are now in operation across the globe. These systems, capable of high order wavefront correction, deliver Strehl ratios of 90% in the near-infrared. Originally intended for the direct imaging of exoplanets,…
Three-dimensional elements, with refractive index distribution structured at sub-wavelength scale, provide an expansive optical design space that can be harnessed for demonstrating multi-functional free-space optical devices. Here we…
In this Chapter we review the challenges of, and opportunities for, 3D spectroscopy, and how these have lead to new and different approaches to sampling astronomical information. We describe and categorize existing instruments on 4m and 10m…
Hyperspectral sensors capture dense spectra per pixel but suffer from low spatial resolution, causing blurred boundaries and mixed-pixel effects. Co-registered companion sensors such as multispectral, RGB, or panchromatic cameras provide…
Technological advances will allow the placement of many Terahertz detectors at the focal plane of a single telescope. For a telescope of a given diameter and wavelength of operation, there is a limit to the number of usable detectors…
Recent advances in photon detectors have resulted in high-density imaging arrays that offer many performance and cost advantages. In particular, the excellent transit time spread of certain devices show promise to provide tangible benefits…
The wide-field spectroscopic survey telescope (WST) is proposed to become the next large optical/near infrared facility for the European Southern Observatory (ESO) once the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) has become operational. While the…
An ongoing limitation of terahertz spectroscopy is that the technique is generally limited to the study of relatively large samples of order 4 mm across due to the generally large size of the focal beam spot. We present a nested concentric…
Among the main disadvantages of using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) in large experiments are their limited physical area (increasing the cost and the complexity of the readout of a camera) and their sensitivity to unwanted wavelengths.…
We present the updated design of HighSpec, a high-resolution $\mathcal{R} \sim 20,000$ spectrograph designed for the Multi Aperture Spectroscopic Telescope (MAST). HighSpec offers three observing modes centered at the Ca II H&K, Mg b…