Related papers: The ONSEN Data Reduction System for the Belle II P…
The future Belle II experiment will employ a computer-farm based data reduction system for the readout of its innermost detector, a DEPFET-technology based silicon detector with pixel readout. A large fraction of the background hits can be…
The upgrades of the Belle experiment and the KEKB accelerator aim to increase the data set of the experiment by the factor 50. This will be achieved by increasing the luminosity of the accelerator which requires a significant upgrade of the…
The new Belle II experiment at the asymmetric $e^+ e^-$ accelerator SuperKEKB at KEK in Japan is designed to deliver a peak luminosity of $8\times10^{35}\text{cm}^{-2}\text{s}^{-1}$. To perform high-precision track reconstruction, e.g. for…
We present a hardware-accelerated hit filtering system employing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for the Belle II Level-1 Trigger. The GNN exploits spatial and temporal relationships among sense wire…
One of the major components of the Belle II trigger system is the neural network trigger. Its task is to estimate the z-Vertex particle tracks observed in the experiments drift chamber. The trigger is implemented on FPGAs to ensure…
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan considers upgrading its vertex detector system to address the challenges posed by high background levels caused by the increased luminosity of the SuperKEKB collider. One proposal for upgrading the…
Machine learning has become a popular instrument for the identification of dark matter candidates at particle collider experiments. They enable the processing of large datasets and are therefore suitable to operate directly on raw data…
The Belle II experiment is designed to collect 50 times more data than its predecessor. For a smooth collection of high-quality data, a robust and automated data transport and processing pipeline has been established. We describe the basic…
We present the development and evaluation of a real-time Graph Neural Network-based trigger for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider. The algorithm processes calorimeter trigger cells as graph…
The Belle~II experiment operates at high luminosity, where an increasing beam-induced background imposes stringent demands on the hardware Level-1 trigger system, which must operate under tight latency and bandwidth constraints. To achieve…
Graph neural networks are increasingly adopted in trigger systems for collider experiments, where strict latency and throughput constraints render deployment on embedded platforms challenging. As detectors move towards higher granularity,…
Inference of standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on FPGAs often incurs high latency and a long initiation interval due to the deep nested loops required to densely convolve every input pixel regardless of its feature value.…
On-detector digital electronics in High-Energy Physics experiments is increasingly being implemented by means of SRAM-based FPGA, due to their capabilities of reconfiguration, real-time processing and multi-gigabit data transfer.…
DEPleted Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) active pixel detectors combine a first amplification stage with a fully depleted sensor in one single device, resulting in a very good signal-to-noise ratio even for thin sensors. DEPFET pixels are…
Machine learning algorithms are being used more frequently in the first-level triggers in collider experiments, with Graph Neural Networks pushing the hardware requirements of FPGA-based triggers beyond the current state of the art. To meet…
The Belle~II experiment is designed to search for physics beyond the Standard Model by investigating rare decays at the SuperKEKB \(e^{+}e^{-}\) collider. Owing to the significant beam background at high luminosity, the data acquisition…
Pixel tracking detectors at upcoming collider experiments will see unprecedented charged-particle densities. Real-time data reduction on the detector will enable higher granularity and faster readout, possibly enabling the use of the pixel…
The Belle II experiment will go into operation at the upgraded SuperKEKB collider in 2016. SuperKEKB is designed to deliver an instantaneous luminosity $\mathcal{L}=8\times10^{35}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The experiment will…
Highly granular pixel detectors allow for increasingly precise measurements of charged particle tracks. Next-generation detectors require that pixel sizes will be further reduced, leading to unprecedented data rates exceeding those foreseen…
High backgrounds and detector ageing impact the track finding in the Belle II central drift chamber, reducing both track purity and track efficiency in events. This necessitates the development of new track finding algorithms to mitigate…