Related papers: An accurate single-electron pump based on a highly…
Electron pumps generate a macroscopic electric current by controlled manipulation of single electrons. Despite intensive research towards a quantum current standard over the last 25 years, making a fast and accurate quantised electron pump…
Using standard microfabrication techniques it is now possible to construct devices, which appear to reliably manipulate electrons one at a time. These devices have potential use as building blocks in quantum computing devices, or as a…
Single-electron pumps based on semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the emerging quantum standard of electrical current. They can transfer discrete charges with part-per-million (ppm) precision in nanosecond time scales.…
Parallelizing single-electron pumps offers a promising route to achieving nanoampere-level currents crucial for quantum current standard applications. Achieving such current levels is essential for demonstrating the ultra-high accuracy of…
In quantum metrology, semiconductor single-electron pumps are used to generate accurate electric currents with the ultimate goal of implementing the emerging quantum standard of the ampere. Pumps based on electrostatically defined tunable…
Precise and reproducible current generation is key to realize quantum current standards in metrology. A promising candidate is a tunable-barrier single-charge pump, which can accurately transfer single charges one by one with an error rate…
We report electron counting experiments in a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot architecture which has been previously demonstrated to generate a quantized current in excess of 80 pA with uncertainty below 30 parts per million.…
Semiconductor tunable barrier single-electron pumps can produce output current of hundreds of picoamperes at sub ppm precision, approaching the metrological requirement for the direct implementation of the current standard. Here, we operate…
Semiconductor-based quantum dot single-electron pumps are currently the most promising candidates for the direct realization of the emerging quantum standard of the ampere in the International System of Units. Here, we discuss a silicon…
Precise manipulation of individual charge carriers in nanoelectronic circuits underpins practical applications of their most basic quantum property --- the universality and invariance of the elementary charge. A charge pump generates a net…
A well-characterised sample of silicon tunable-barrier electron pump has been operated at a frequency of 2 GHz using a custom drive waveform, generating a pump current of 320 pA. Precision measurements of the current were made as a function…
Many quantum technologies require a precise electrical current standard that can only be achieved with expensive cryogenics, or through the secondary standards, such as resistance or voltage. Silicon-based charge pumps could provide such a…
We report on high-accuracy measurements of quantized current, sourced by a tunable-barrier single-electron pump at frequencies $f$ up to $1$ GHz. The measurements were performed with a new picoammeter instrument, traceable to the Josephson…
The mechanism of single-charge pumping using a dynamic quantum dot needs to be precisely understood for high-accuracy and universal operation toward applications to quantum current standards and quantum information devices. The type of…
A silicon electron pump operating at the temperature of liquid helium has demonstrated repeatable operation with sub-ppm accuracy. The pump current, approximately 168 pA, is measured by three laboratories, and the measurements agree with…
Single-charge pumps are the main candidates for quantum-based standards of the unit ampere because they can generate accurate and quantized electric currents. In order to approach the metrological requirements in terms of both accuracy and…
Although the measurement of current is now defined with respect to the electronic charge, producing a current standard based on a single-electron source remains challenging. The error rate of a source must be below 0.01 ppm, and many such…
Presented in this paper is a proof-of-concept for a new approach to single electron pumping based on a Single Atom Transistor (SAT). By charge pumping electrons through an isolated dopant atom in silicon, precise currents of up to 160 pA at…
Single electron pumps are set to revolutionize electrical metrology by enabling the ampere to be re-defined in terms of the elementary charge of an electron. Pumps based on lithographically-fixed tunnel barriers in mesoscopic metallic…
We demonstrate single-electron pumping in a gate-defined carbon nanotube double quantum dot. By periodic modulation of the potentials of the two quantum dots we move the system around charge triple points and transport exactly one electron…