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A subset $S$ of initially infected vertices of a graph $G$ is called forcing if we can infect the entire graph by iteratively applying the following process. At each step, any infected vertex which has a unique uninfected neighbour, infects…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-06 Thomas Kalinowski , Nina Kamčev , Benny Sudakov

The power domination number arises from the monitoring of electrical networks and its determination is an important problem. Upper bounds for power domination numbers can be obtained by constructions. Lower bounds for the power domination…

The concept of zero forcing is extended from graphs to uniform hypergraphs in analogy with the way zero forcing was defined as an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the family of symmetric matrices whose nonzero pattern of entries is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-30 Leslie Hogben

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process studied for its wide array of applications. In this process, the vertices of the graph are initially designated as blue or white, and a zero forcing set is a set of initially blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Asher Brown , Mark Hunnell , Za'Kiyah Toomer-Sanders , Sarah Weber

The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a…

This paper studies the problem of designing networks that are strong structurally controllable, and robust simultaneously. For given network specifications, including the number of nodes $N$, the number of leaders $N_L$, and diameter $D$,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-13 Priyanshkumar I. Patel , Johir Suresh , Waseem Abbas

Amos et al. (Discrete Appl. Math. 181 (2015) 1-10) introduced the notion of the $k$-forcing number of graph for a positive integer $k$ as the generalization of the zero forcing number of a graph. The $k$-forcing number of a simple graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-07 Leihao Lu , Baoyindureng Wu , Zixing Tang

Let $G$ be a simple, finite, and undirected graph with vertices each given an initial coloring of either blue or white. Zero forcing on graph $G$ is an iterative process of forcing its white vertices to become blue after a finite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Ma. Nerissa M. Abara , Prince Allan B. Pelayo

Zero forcing number has recently become an interesting graph parameter studied in its own right since its introduction by the "AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group", whereas metric dimension is a well-known graph parameter. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-11 Linda Eroh , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

In zero forcing, the focus is typically on finding the minimum cardinality of any zero forcing set in the graph; however, the number of cardinalities between $0$ and the number of vertices in the graph for which there are both zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-13 Bonnie Jacob

Zero forcing can be described as a combinatorial game on a graph that uses a color change rule in which vertices change white vertices to blue. The throttling number of a graph minimizes the sum of the number of vertices initially colored…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Joshua Carlson , Juergen Kritschgau

Given a graph $G$, the zero forcing number of $G$, $Z(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of any set $S$ of vertices on which repeated applications of the forcing rule results in all vertices being in $S$. The forcing rule is: if a vertex $v$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-21 Aidan Johnson , Andrew E. Vick , Darren A. Narayan

Zero forcing in graphs is a coloring process where a colored vertex can force its unique uncolored neighbor to be colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored vertices capable of eventually coloring all vertices of the graph.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Krishna Menon , Anurag Singh

In this paper we compare the brushing number of a graph with the zero-forcing number of its line graph. We prove that the zero-forcing number of the line graph is an upper bound for the brushing number by constructing a brush configuration…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Aras Erzurumluoglu , David Pike , Karen Meagher

It is well-known that the zero forcing number of a graph provides a lower bound on the minimum rank of a graph. In this paper we bound and characterize the zero forcing number of certain circulant graphs, including some bipartite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-10 Linh Duong , Brenda K. Kroschel , Michael Riddell , Kevin N. Vander Meulen , Adam Van Tuyl

Motivated in part by an observation that the zero forcing number for the complement of a tree on $n$ vertices is either $n-3$ or $n-1$ in one exceptional case, we consider the zero forcing number for the complement of more general graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Emelie Curl , Shaun Fallat , Ryan Moruzzi , Carolyn Reinhart , Derek Young

We study the minimum rank of a (simple, undirected) graph, which is the minimum rank among all matrices in a space determined by the graph. We determine the exact set of graphs on eight vertices for which the nullity of a minimum rank…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-13 Wayne Barrett , Mark Hunnell , John Hutchens , John Sinkovic

Several researchers have recently explored various graph parameters that can or cannot be characterized by the spectrum of a matrix associated with a graph. In this paper we show that several NP-hard zero forcing numbers are not…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-25 Aida Abiad , Boris Brimkov , Jane Breen , Thomas R. Cameron , Himanshu Gupta , Ralihe R. Villagrán

A connected forcing set of a graph is a zero forcing set that induces a connected subgraph. In this paper, we introduce and study CF-dense graphs -- graphs in which every vertex belongs to some minimum connected forcing set. We identify…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-16 Boris Brimkov , Randy Davila , Houston Schuerger

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…