Related papers: Contextuality is About Identity of Random Variable…
In contrast to conventional, dynamical entanglement, in which particles with definite identity have uncertain properties, in so-called statistical entanglement, which arises between indistinguishable particles because of quantum symmetry…
Results of measurements give legitimacy to a physical theory. What if acquiring these results in the first place necessitates what the same theory considers to be an interaction? In this note, we assume that theories account for…
Free choice (or statistical independence) assumption in a hidden variable model (HVM) means that the settings chosen by experimenters do not depend on the values of the hidden variable. The assumption of context-independent (CI) mapping in…
Contextuality is a central feature distinguishing quantum from classical probability theories, but its operational meaning is often stated only qualitatively. In this Letter, we study a simple information-theoretic question: how much…
This paper provides a systematic account of the hidden variable models (HVMs) formulated to describe systems of random variables with mutually exclusive contexts. Any such system can be described either by a model with free choice but…
We consider the contextual fraction as a quantitative measure of contextuality of empirical models, i.e. tables of probabilities of measurement outcomes in an experimental scenario. It provides a general way to compare the degree of…
We discuss three measures of the degree of contextuality in contextual systems of dichotomous random variables. These measures are developed within the framework of the Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) theory, and apply to inconsistently…
Counterfactual reasoning and contextuality is defined and critically evaluated with regard to its nonempirical content. To this end, a uniqueness property of states, explosion views and link observables are introduced. If only a single…
It is well known that while the independence of random variables implies zero correlation, the opposite is not true. Namely, uncorrelated random variables are not necessarily independent. In this note we show that the implication could be…
We uncover new features of generalized contextuality by connecting it to the Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution. Quantum states can be represented by KD distributions, which take values in the complex unit disc. Only for…
In this paper, following an elementary line of thought which somewhat differs from the usual one, we prove once more that any deterministic theory predictively equivalent to quantum mechanics unavoidably exhibits a contextual character. The…
Bell non-local correlations cannot be naturally explained in a fixed causal structure. This serves as a motivation for considering models where no global assumption is made beyond logical consistency. The assumption of a fixed causal order…
The classical causal relations between a set of variables, some observed and some latent, can induce both equality constraints (typically conditional independences) as well as inequality constraints (Instrumental and Bell inequalities being…
Generalized contextuality refers to our inability of explaining measurement statistics using a context-independent probabilistic and ontological model. On the other hand, measurement statistics can also be modeled using the framework of…
Deep neural networks often fail catastrophically by relying on spurious correlations. Most prior work assumes a clear dichotomy into spurious and reliable features; however, this is often unrealistic. For example, most of the time we do not…
We show first that there are intrinsic relationships among different conditions, old and recent, which lead to some general statements in both the Stieltjes and the Hamburger moment problems. Then we describe checkable conditions and prove…
Considering a minimal number of assumptions and in the context of the timeless formalism, conditional probabilities are derived for subsequent measurements in the non-relativistic regime. Only unitary transformations are considered with…
Our aim is to compare the fundamental notions of quantum physics - contextuality vs. incompatibility. One has to distinguish two different notions of contextuality, {\it Bohr-contextuality} and {\it Bell-contextuality}. The latter is…
The results of behavioral experiments typically exhibit inconsistent connectedness, i.e., they violate the condition known as "no-signaling," "no-disturbance," or "marginal selectivity." This prevents one from evaluating these experiments…
Most work on causality in machine learning assumes that causal relationships are driven by a constant underlying process. However, the flexibility of agents' actions or tipping points in the environmental process can change the qualitative…