Related papers: How Do You Measure Primality?
Inequality measures are quantitative measures that take values in the unit interval, with a zero value characterizing perfect equality. Although originally proposed to measure economic inequalities, they can be applied to several other…
The purpose of this paper is to introduce basic concepts that are fundamental in the examination of composite moduli, while avoiding the notoriously difficult problem of prime-factorization. We introduce a new class of numbers, called…
We discuss various square-free factorizations in monoids in the context of: atomicity, ascending chain condition for principal ideals, decomposition, and a greatest common divisor property. Moreover, we obtain a full characterization of…
The first part of this paper consists of lecture notes which summarize the machinery of filtered root invariants. A conceptual notion of "homotopy Greek letter element" is also introduced, and evidence is presented that it may be related to…
A commutative monoid $M$ is called a linearly orderable monoid if there exists a total order on $M$ that is compatible with the monoid operation. The finitary power monoid of a commutative monoid $M$ is the monoid consisting of all nonempty…
Many physical theories beyond the Standard Model predict time variations of basic physics parameters. Direct measurement of the time variations of these parameters is very difficult or impossible to achieve. By contrast, measurements of…
An exploratory approach to the possibility of analyzing nonorthogonality as a quantifiable property is presented. Three different measures for the nonorthogonality of pure states are introduced, and one of these measures is extended to…
We characterize the extremal points of the convex set of quantum measurements that are covariant under a finite-dimensional projective representation of a compact group, with action of the group on the measurement probability space which is…
The study of complexity and optimization in decision theory involves both partial and complete characterizations of preferences over decision spaces in terms of real-valued monotones. With this motivation, and following the recent…
The von Neumann theory of measurement, based on an entanglement of the quantum observable with a classical machine followed by decoherence or collapse, does not readily apply to most measurements of momentum. Indeed, how we measure the…
We consider some questions related to the signs of Hecke eigenvalues or Fourier coefficients of classical modular forms. One problem is to determine to what extent those signs, for suitable sets of primes, determine uniquely the modular…
Measuring the concentration of random variables is a fundamental concept in probability and statistics. Here, we explore a type of concentration measure for continuous random variables with bounded support and use it to provide a notion of…
Let $R$ be an associative ring. We define a subset $S_{R}^{a}$, where $a\in R$ of $R$ as $S_{R}^{a}=\{b\in R \mid aRb=(0)\}$. Then, the set $P_{R} = \bigcap_{a\in R} S_{R}^{a}$ call it the source of primeness of $R$. We first examine some…
An observational study may be biased for estimating causal effects by failing to control for unmeasured confounders. This paper proposes a new quantity called the "sensitivity value", which is defined as the minimum strength of unmeasured…
Define a permutation $\sigma$ to be coprime if $\gcd(m,\sigma(m)) = 1$ for $m\in[n]$. In this note, proving a recent conjecture of Pomerance, we prove that the number of coprime permutations on $[n]$ is $n!\cdot (c+o(1))^n$ where \[c =…
A satisfactory resolution of the persistent quantum measurement problem remains stubbornly unresolved in spite of an overabundance of efforts of many prominent scientists over the decades. Among others, one key element is considered yet to…
In algebra, atomicity is the study of divisibility by and factorizations into atoms (also called irreducibles). In one side of the spectrum of atomicity we find the antimatter algebraic structures, inside which there are no atoms and,…
We introduce and consider a certain probability question involving elementary number theory and the likelihood that a fixed prime will appear in a certain recursively defined factorization of an integer. We derive several convergent…
We study the formalized v statement by allowing the occurrence of different arrays of quantifiers in it. We prove that for some specific arrays of quantifiers we get consistency statements that are S-equivalent to the original…
Factorizations of monoids are studied. Two necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of so-called descent 1-cocyles for a monoid to be factorized through two submonoids are found. A full classification of those factorizations of a monoid…