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We continue our study of ordered context-free grammars, a grammar formalism that places an order on the parse trees produced by the corresponding context-free grammar. In particular, we simplify our previous definition of a derivation of a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Brink van der Merwe

The central role of the lexicon in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) and other dependency-based linguistic theories cannot be replicated in linguistic theories based on context-free grammars (CFGs). We describe Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) as a…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Owen Rambow , Aravind Joshi

We propose a segmental neural language model that combines the generalization power of neural networks with the ability to discover word-like units that are latent in unsegmented character sequences. In contrast to previous segmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Kazuya Kawakami , Chris Dyer , Phil Blunsom

Consider the finite state graph that results from a simple, discrete, dynamical system in which an agent moves in a rectangular grid picking up and dropping packages. Can the state variables of the problem, namely, the agent location and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

Traditional knowledge graph (KG) completion models learn embeddings to predict missing facts. Recent works attempt to complete KGs in a text-generation manner with large language models (LLMs). However, they need to ground the output of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Yang Liu , Xiaobin Tian , Zequn Sun , Wei Hu

Graph data model and graph databases are very popular in various areas such as bioinformatics, semantic web, and social networks. One specific problem in the area is a path querying with constraints formulated in terms of formal grammars.…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Semyon Grigorev , Anastasiya Ragozina

Quantum computing is a relatively new field of computing, which utilises the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics to process data. The seminal paper of Moore et al. [2000] introduced quantum grammars wherein a set of amplitudes was…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Merina Aruja , Lisa Mathew , Jayakrishna Vijayakumar

Automatically discovering formulaic alpha factors is a central problem in quantitative finance. Existing methods often ignore syntactic and semantic constraints, relying on exhaustive search over unstructured and unbounded spaces. We…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-30 Han Yang , Dong Hao , Zhuohan Wang , Qi Shi , Xingtong Li

We answer two open questions by (Gruber, Holzer, Kutrib, 2009) on the state-complexity of representing sub- or superword closures of context-free grammars (CFGs): (1) We prove a (tight) upper bound of $2^{\mathcal{O}(n)}$ on the size of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-24 Georg Bachmeier , Michael Luttenberger , Maximilian Schlund

Sparse autoencoders can localize where concepts live in language models, but not how they interact during multi-step reasoning. We propose Causal Concept Graphs (CCG): a directed acyclic graph over sparse, interpretable latent features,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Md Muntaqim Meherab , Noor Islam S. Mohammad , Faiza Feroz

The aim of this article is to introduce two Context-Free Grammars (CFG) for Nawatl Corpora expansion. Nawatl is an Amerindian language (it is a National Language of Mexico) of the $\pi$-language type, i.e. a language with few digital…

Incorporating conversational context and knowledge into dialogue generation models has been essential for improving the quality of the generated responses. The context, comprising utterances from previous dialogue exchanges, is used as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Wen Zheng , Natasa Milic-Frayling , Ke Zhou

Context-free languages (CFLs) are highly important in computer language processing technology as well as in formal language theory. The Pumping Lemma is a property that is valid for all context-free languages, and is used to show the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-10-19 Marcus V. M. Ramos , Ruy J. G. B. de Queiroz , Nelma Moreira , José Carlos Bacelar Almeida

To guarantee that an LLM's outputs conform to a specified structure, context-free grammar (CFG) decoding engines force the selection of next tokens that produce strings that conform to a given CFG. While current CFG-constrained decoding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Michael Sullivan , Alexander Koller

Lexical states provide a powerful mechanism to scan regular expressions in a context sensitive manner. At the same time, lexical states also make it hard to reason about the correctness of the grammar. We first categorize the related…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-08-15 Kartik Gupta , V. Krishna Nandivada

Current learning algorithms face many difficulties in learning simple patterns and using them to learn more complex ones. They also require more examples than humans do to learn the same pattern, assuming no prior knowledge. In this paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Basem G. El-Barashy

We introduce a new notion of C-simple problems for a class C of decision problems (i.e. languages), w.r.t. a particular reduction. A problem is C-simple if it can be reduced to each problem in C. This can be viewed as a conceptual…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Petr Jancar , Jiri Sima

In this paper we consider the problem of context-free grammars comparison from the analysis point of view. We show that the problem can be reduced to numerical solution of systems of nonlinear matrix equations. The approach presented here…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-04-23 J. Joao Almeida , Eliana Grande , Georgi Smirnov

Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable promise for democratizing automated reasoning by generating formal specifications. However, a fundamental tension exists: LLMs are probabilistic, while formal verification demands deterministic…

Classifier-Free Guidance (CFG) has recently emerged in text-to-image generation as a lightweight technique to encourage prompt-adherence in generations. In this work, we demonstrate that CFG can be used broadly as an inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Guillaume Sanchez , Honglu Fan , Alexander Spangher , Elad Levi , Pawan Sasanka Ammanamanchi , Stella Biderman