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It is shown that the technique recently suggested by Lowell Brown for summing the tree graphs at threshold can be extended to calculate the loop effects. Explicit result is derived for the sum of one-loop graphs for the amplitude of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-12-30 M. B. Voloshin

The classical isomorphism theorems for reversible Markov chains have played an important role in studying the properties of local time processes of strongly symmetric Markov processes~\cite{mr06}, bounding the cover time of a graph by a…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-22 Qinghua , Ding , Venkat Anantharam

Suppose that the edges of a complete graph are assigned weights independently at random and we ask for the weight of the minimal-weight spanning tree, or perfect matching, or Hamiltonian cycle. For these and several other common…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Yun Cheng , Yixue Liu , Tomasz Tkocz , Albert Xu

The concept of a gauge invariant symmetric random norm is elaborated in this paper. We introduce norm processes and show that this kind of stochastic processes are closely related to gauge invariant symmetric random norms. We construct a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-08-24 Attila Lovas , Attila Andai

We give a simplified and more complete description of the loop variable approach for writing down gauge invariant equations of motion for the fields of the open string. A simple proof of gauge invariance to all orders is given. In terms of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-07 B. Sathiapalan

We establish sufficient conditions for the existence of globally Lipschitz transport maps between probability measures and their log-Lipschitz perturbations, with dimension-free bounds. Our results include Gaussian measures on Euclidean…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-12-12 Max Fathi , Dan Mikulincer , Yair Shenfeld

The derivation of the explicit formula for the vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop functional for an arbitrary gauge group on an arbitrary orientable two-dimensional manifold is considered both in the continuum case and on the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 J. M. Aroca , Yu. A. Kubyshin

A system of linear equations $L$ is said to be norming if a natural functional $t_L(\cdot)$ giving a weighted count for the set of solutions to the system can be used to define a norm on the space of real-valued functions on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-28 Seokjoon Cho , David Conlon , Joonkyung Lee , Jozef Skokan , Leo Versteegen

We compute the one-loop contributions of the chronological products for massless gravity in the second order of the perturbation theory. We prove that the loop contributions are coboundaries i.e. expressions which give zero when averaged on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-05-15 Dan-Radu Grigore

Wilson loop elements on torus are introduced into the partition function of open strings as Polyakov's path integral at one-loop level. Mass spectra from compactification and expected symmetry breaking are illustrated by choosing the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-08-28 Kiyoshi Shiraishi

Phylogenetic trees constitute an interesting class of objects for stochastic processes due to the non-standard nature of the space they inhabit. In particular, many statistical applications require the construction of Markov processes on…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-10-24 Rodrigo B. Alves , Yuri F. Saporito , Luiz M. Carvalho

We consider the biased random walk on a tree constructed from the set of finite self-avoiding walks on a lattice, and use it to construct probability measures on infinite self-avoiding walks. The limit measure (if it exists) obtained when…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-12-25 Vincent Beffara , Cong Bang Huynh

We derive the loop equation for the 1-matrix model with generic difference-type measure for eigenvalues and develop a recursive algebraic framework for solving it to an arbitrary order in the coupling constant in and beyond the planar…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-07-24 Edoardo Vescovi , Konstantin Zarembo

We examine the relations between observables in two- and three-dimensional quantum gravity by studying the coupling of topologically massive gravity to matter fields in non-trivial representations of the three-dimensional Lorentz group. We…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 Ian I. Kogan , Richard J. Szabo

It is well-known that the expectation values of null polygonal Wilson loops computed in planar \(\mathcal{N}=4\) super Yang-Mills theory are dual to MHV amplitudes in that theory, and moreover that the duality can be extended to higher…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-16 James Drummond , Ömer Gürdoğan , Matthew Rochford , Rowan Wright

Large-N phase transitions occurring in massive N=2 theories can be probed by Wilson loops in large antisymmetric representations. The logarithm of the Wilson loop is effectively described by the free energy of a Fermi distribution and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-08-15 Jorge Russo , Konstantin Zarembo

Tree and loop level scattering amplitudes which involve physical massless bosons are derived directly from physical constraints such as locality, symmetry and unitarity, bypassing path integral constructions. Amplitudes can be projected…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-06-13 Rutger H. Boels , Hui Luo

We establish up-to-constants estimates for arm events in the Brownian loop soup on the 2D metric graph associated with the square lattice. More specifically, we consider two natural geometric events: first, ``bulk'' four-arm events,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Yijie Bi , Yifan Gao , Pierre Nolin , Wei Qian

In this thesis, the main objects of study are probability measures on the isomorphism classes of countable, connected rooted graphs. An important class of such measures is formed by unimodular measures, which satisfy a certain equation,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-01-29 Igor Artemenko

We consider a probability measure on cycle-rooted spanning forests (CRSFs) introduced by Kenyon. CRSFs are spanning subgraphs, each connected component of which has a unique cycle; they generalize spanning trees. A generalization of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Michaël Fanuel , Rémi Bardenet