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The strength and vertical distribution of atmospheric turbulence is a key factor determining the performance of optical and infrared telescopes, with and without adaptive optics. Yet, this remains challenging to measure. We describe a new…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-11 Paul Hickson , Bin Ma , Zhaohui Shang , Suijian Xue

We present the details of predicting atmospheric turbulence by mining Zernike moment data obtained from simulations as well as experiments. Temporally correlated optical wave-fronts were simulated such that they followed Kolmogorov phase…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2011-09-14 Akondi Vyas , M. B. Roopashree , B. Raghavendra Prasad

The image quality from Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics (GLAO) can be gradually increased with decreased contiguous field of view. This trade-off is dependent on the vertical profile of the optical turbulence (Cn2 profiles). It is known that…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2009-12-23 J. Stoesz , E. Masciadri , F. Lascaux , S. Hagelin

Atmospheric optical turbulence (OT) monitoring is crucial for site characterisation at astronomical observatories and optical communications ground stations. The Shack-Hartmann Image Motion Monitor (SHIMM) instrument implements a fast,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-29 Ryan Griffiths , Timothy Butterley , Richard Wilson , James Osborn

Accurate characterization of atmospheric optical turbulence is essential for evaluating astronomical sites and optimizing adaptive optics systems. The Multistar Turbulence Monitor (MTM) infers the vertical distribution of the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-08 Weisen Huang , Bin Ma , Tengfei Song , Paul Hickson , Zhaohui Shang , Xuefei Zhang , Mingyu Zhao , Qing Zhou

Atmospheric turbulence has a degrading effect on the image quality of long-range observation systems. As a result of various elements such as temperature, wind velocity, humidity, etc., turbulence is characterized by random fluctuations in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Engin Uzun , Ahmet Anil Dursun , Erdem Akagunduz

Accurate high-resolution vertical profiles of optical turbulence ($C_n^2$), which reflect local meteorology and topography, are crucial for ground-based optical astronomy and free-space optical communication. However, measuring these…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Maximilian Pierzyna , Sukanta Basu , Rudolf Saathof

A characterization of the optical turbulence vertical distribution (Cn2 profiles) and all the main integrated astroclimatic parameters derived from the Cn2 and the wind speed profiles above the site of the Large Binocular Telescope (Mt.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-29 E. Masciadri , J. Stoesz , S. Hagelin , F. Lascaux

The performance of tomographic adaptive optics systems is intrinsically linked to the vertical profile of optical turbulence. Firstly, a sufficient number of discrete turbulent layers must be reconstructed to model the true continuous…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-08 O. J. D. Farley , J. Osborn , T. Morris , T. Fusco , B. Neichel , C. Correia , R. W. Wilson

Wide Field Adaptive Optics (WFAO) systems are among the most sophisticated AO systems available today on large telescopes. The knowledge of the vertical spatio-temporal distribution of the wind speed (WS) and direction (WD) are fundamental…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-25 G. Sivo , A. Turchi , E. Masciadri , A. Guesalga , B. Neichel

Modern ground-based telescopes rely on a technology called adaptive optics (AO) in order to compensate for the loss of image quality caused by atmospheric turbulence. Next-generation AO systems designed for a wide field of view require a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-11-24 Tapio Helin , Stefan Kindermann , Daniela Saxenhuber

Atmospheric optical turbulence seriously limits the performance of high angular resolution instruments. An 8-night campaign of measurements was carried out at the LAMOST site in 2011, to characterize the optical turbulence. Two instruments…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-21 L. -Y. Liu , C. Giordano , Y. -Q. Yao , J. Vernin , M. Chadid , H. -S. Wang , J. Yin , Y. -P. Wang

Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in the local refractive index of air that accumulatively disturb a wave's phase and amplitude distribution as it propagates. This impairs the effective range of laser weapons as well as the…

Optics · Physics 2015-06-02 Chensheng Wu , Jonathan Ko , Christopher C. Davis

The next generation of adaptive optics (AO) systems will require tomographic reconstruction techniques to map the optical refractive index fluctuations, generated by the atmospheric turbulence, along the line of sight to the astronomical…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-01-07 H. W. Shepherd , J. Osborn , R. W. Wilson , T. Butterley , R. Avila , V. S. Dhillon , T. J. Morris

Dome seeing is a known source of image quality degradation, but despite tremendous progress in wavefront control with the development of adaptive optics and environmental control through implementation of dome venting, surprisingly little…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-12-06 Olivier Lai , Kanoa Withington , Romain Laugier , Mark Chun

We present the overview of the MOSE project (MOdeling ESO Sites) aiming at proving the feasibility of the forecast of the classical atmospherical parameters (wind speed intensity and direction, temperature, relative humidity) and the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2013-09-27 E. Masciadri , F. Lascaux , L. Fini

With the recent rapid developments in machine learning (ML), several attempts have been made to apply ML methods to various fluid dynamics problems. However, the feasibility of ML for predicting turbulence dynamics has not yet been explored…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-12-13 Jiyeon Kim , Junhyuk Kim , Changhoon Lee

Classifying the state of the atmosphere into a finite number of large-scale circulation regimes is a popular way of investigating teleconnections, the predictability of severe weather events, and climate change. Here, we investigate a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Andreas Holm Nielsen , Alexandros Iosifidis , Henrik Karstoft

Atmospheric turbulence degrades the quality of astronomical observations in ground-based telescopes, leading to distorted and blurry images. Adaptive Optics (AO) systems are designed to counteract these effects, using atmospheric…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-27 Jeffrey Smith , Taisei Fujii , Jesse Cranney , Charles Gretton

The behavior of an adaptive optics (AO) system for ground-based high contrast imaging (HCI) dictates the achievable contrast of the instrument. In conditions where the coherence time of the atmosphere is short compared to the speed of the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-23 Maaike A. M. van Kooten , Rebecca Jensen-Clem , Sylvain Cetre , Sam Ragland , Charlotte Z. Bond , J. Fowler , Peter Wizinowich