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Related papers: Extending Item Response Theory to Online Homework

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Item Response Theory (IRT) models have received growing interest in health science for analyzing latent constructs such as depression, anxiety, quality of life, or cognitive functioning from the information provided by each individual's…

Analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) are common in applied causal inference research. However, when outcomes are latent variables assessed via psychometric instruments such as educational tests, standard methods ignore the…

Essays are considered a valuable mechanism for evaluating learning outcomes in writing. Textual cohesion is an essential characteristic of a text, as it facilitates the establishment of meaning between its parts. Automatically scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Bruno Alexandre Rosa , Hilário Oliveira , Luiz Rodrigues , Eduardo Araujo Oliveira , Rafael Ferreira Mello

Test takers do not give equally reliable responses. They take different responding strategies and they do not make the same effort to solve the problem and answer the question correctly. The consequences of differential test takers'…

Physics Education · Physics 2009-01-29 Srdjan Verbic , Boris Tomic

Accurate estimates of item difficulty are essential for valid assessment and effective adaptive learning. However, for newly created tasks, response data are typically unavailable. Pretesting and expert judgement can be costly and slow,…

One of the largest drivers of social inequality is unequal access to personal tutoring, with wealthier individuals able to afford it, while the majority cannot. Affordable, effective AI tutors offer a scalable solution. We focus on adaptive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Tom Quilter , Anastasia Ilick , Karen Poon , Richard Turner

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) with large language models (LLMs) is commonly evaluated with aggregate metrics such as macro-F1 and Cohen's kappa. However, these metrics provide limited insight into how grading performance varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longwei Cong , Sonja Hahn , Sebastian Gombert , Leon Camus , Hendrik Drachsler , Ulf Kroehne

Item response theory (IRT) models for categorical response data are widely used in the analysis of educational data, computerized adaptive testing, and psychological surveys. However, most IRT models rely on both the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-14 Ryan Ning , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) is the problem of learning the preferences of an agent from the observations of its behavior on a task. While this problem has been well investigated, the related problem of {\em online} IRL---where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Saurabh Arora , Prashant Doshi , Bikramjit Banerjee

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Cognitive load is key to ensuring an optimal learning experience. However, measuring the cognitive load of educational tasks typically relies on self-report measures which has been criticized by researchers for being subjective. In this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Minghao Cai , Guher Gorgun , Carrie Demmans Epp

Prediction of item difficulty based on its text content is of substantial interest. In this paper, we focus on the related problem of recovering IRT-based difficulty when the data originally reported item p-value (percent correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Radhika Kapoor , Sang T. Truong , Nick Haber , Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo , Benjamin W. Domingue

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on comprehensive benchmarks is a cornerstone of their development, yet it's often computationally and financially prohibitive. While Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a promising path toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lele Liao , Qile Zhang , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

In this paper we follow our previous research in the area of Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). We present three different methods for CAT. One of them, the item response theory, is a well established method, while the other two, Bayesian…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-30 Martin Plajner

The rapid release of both language models and benchmarks makes it increasingly costly to evaluate every model on every dataset. In practice, models are often evaluated on different samples, making scores difficult to compare across studies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Eliya Habba , Itay Itzhak , Asaf Yehudai , Yotam Perlitz , Elron Bandel , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Leshem Choshen , Gabriel Stanovsky

Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly critical, yet standard benchmarking methods rely on average accuracy, overlooking both the inherent stochasticity of LLM outputs and the heterogeneity of benchmark items. Item…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Xinhao Qu , Qiang Heng , Hao Zeng , Xiaoqian Liu

Adaptive online testing efficiently assesses examinee proficiency by dynamically adjusting the difficulty of test items based on their performance. To achieve this, items are selected so that their difficulty closely matches the test…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-21 Hideo Hirose

Item Response Theory (IRT) and Factor Analysis (FA) are two major frameworks used to model multi-item measurements of latent traits. While the relationship between two-parameter IRT models and dichotomized FA models is well established, IRT…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-03 Ján Pavlech , Patrícia Martinková

The main objective of exams consists in performing an assessment of students' expertise on a specific subject. Such expertise, also referred to as skill or knowledge level, can then be leveraged in different ways (e.g., to assign a grade to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Luca Benedetto , Andrea Cappelli , Roberto Turrin , Paolo Cremonesi

Improving our understanding of how humans perceive AI teammates is an important foundation for our general understanding of human-AI teams. Extending relevant work from cognitive science, we propose a framework based on item response theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Markelle Kelly , Aakriti Kumar , Padhraic Smyth , Mark Steyvers