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We analyze the fundamental security significance of the quantitative criteria on the final generated key K in quantum key generation including the quantum criterion d, the attacker's mutual information on K, and the statistical distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-08 Horace Yuen

Privacy amplification is a necessary step in all quantum key distribution protocols, and error correction is needed in each except when signals of many photons are used in the key communication in quantum noise approach. No security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-11 Horace Yuen

This work is intended as an introduction to cryptographic security and a motivation for the widely used Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) security definition. We review the notion of security necessary for a protocol to be usable in a larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-12 Christopher Portmann , Renato Renner

The security of a standard bi-directional "plug & play" quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been an open question for a long time. This is mainly because its source is equivalently controlled by an eavesdropper, which means the source…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Imperfect bit-and-basis encoders compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems via modulation flaws, side channels and inter-pulse correlations, which invalidate standard security proofs. Existing results addressing such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Go Kato , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Quantum key distribution protocols constitute an important part of quantum cryptography, where the security of sensitive information arises from the laws of physics. In this paper we introduce a new family of key distribution protocols and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Dariusz Kurzyk , Łukasz Pawela , Zbigniew Puchała

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secure communications between two parties based on physical laws. However, most of the security proofs of QKD today make unrealistic assumptions and neglect many relevant device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

In this work we present a security analysis for quantum key distribution, establishing a rigorous tradeoff between various protocol and security parameters for a class of entanglement-based and prepare-and-measure protocols. The goal of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-15 Marco Tomamichel , Anthony Leverrier

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics and idealized device models. Practical implementations, however, deviate from these models due to unavoidable device imperfections, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Álvaro Navarrete , Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty

Several fundamental issues in establishing security in continuous variable quantum key distribution are discussed, in particular on reverse reconciliation and security under heterodyne attack. It appears difficult to derive quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-11 Horace P. Yuen

A simple counter-example is given on the prevalent interpretation of the trace distance criterion as failure probability in quantum key distribution protocols. A summary of its ramifications is listed.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-21 Horace Yuen

It is claimed in the many papers that a trace distance ($d$) guarantees the universal composition security in quantum key distribution (QKD). In this introduction paper, at first, it is explicitly explained what is the main misconception in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-28 Osamu Hirota

We present a new technique for proving the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. It is based on direct information-theoretic arguments and thus also applies if no equivalent entanglement purification scheme can be found.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 R. Renner , N. Gisin , B. Kraus

Quantum cryptography is the study of delivering secret communications across a quantum channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been recognized as the most important breakthrough in quantum cryptography. This process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Neha Sharma , Vikas Saxena

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is revolutionizing cryptography by promising information-theoretic security through the immutable laws of quantum mechanics. Yet, the challenge of transforming these idealized security models into practical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

Security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) typically assume that the devices of the legitimate users are perfectly shielded from the eavesdropper. This assumption is, however, very hard to meet in practice, and thus the security of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-05 Weilong Wang , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Marcos Curty

In this paper we review a number of issues on the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that bear directly on the relevant physics or mathematical representation of the QKD cryptosystem. It is shown that the cryptosystem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-08 Horace P. Yuen

In practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system, the state preparation and measurement are imperfect comparing with the ideal BB84 protocol, which are always state-dependent in practical realizations. If the state-dependent imperfections…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-21 Hong-Wei Li , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Zheng-Fu Han , Wan-Su Bao , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure key generation method between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurement outcomes on quantum states are transformed by the two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-01 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Xiongfeng Ma , H. F. Chau

We consider the security of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in the presence of bit and basis dependent detector flaws. We suggest a powerful attack that can be used in systems with detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-04 L. Lydersen , J. Skaar