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We reformulate the signal temporal logic (STL) synthesis problem as a maximum a-posteriori (MAP) inference problem. To this end, we introduce the notion of random STL~(RSTL), which extends deterministic STL with random predicates. This new…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Ki Myung Brian Lee , Chanyeol Yoo , Robert Fitch

With the development of the Internet of Things, millions of sensors are being deployed in cities to collect real-time data. This leads to a need for checking city states against city requirements at runtime. In this paper, we develop a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Meiyi Ma , Ezio Bartocci , Eli Lifland , John Stankovic , Lu Feng

We investigate how formal temporal logic specifications can enhance the safety and robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) control in aerospace applications. Using the open source AeroBench F-16 simulation benchmark, we train a Proximal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hani Beirami , M M Manjurul Islam

We present mstlo (mistletoe), a Rust library for high-performance online monitoring of signal temporal logic (STL), with Python bindings. The library provides: (i) a unified interface for multiple STL semantics, including Robust…

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a powerful framework to describe complex tasks involving temporal and logical behavior in dynamical systems. This work addresses controller synthesis for continuous-time systems subject to STL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Vaishnavi Jagabathula , Pushpak Jagtap

Many Cyber Physical System (CPS) work in a safety-critical environment, where correct execution, reliability and trustworthiness are essential. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a formal framework for checking safety-critical CPS.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Partha Roop , Sobhan Chatterjee , Avinash Malik , Nathan Allen , Logan Kenwright

In multi-agent system design, a crucial aspect is to ensure robustness, meaning that for a coalition of agents A, small violations of adversarial assumptions only lead to small violations of A's goals. In this paper we introduce a logical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Aniello Murano , Daniel Neider , Martin Zimmermann

We present a general framework for risk semantics on Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications for stochastic dynamical systems using axiomatic risk theory. We show that under our recursive risk semantics, risk constraints on STL formulas…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-02 Sleiman Safaoui , Lars Lindemann , Dimos V Dimarogonas , Iman Shames , Tyler H Summers

We propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based control design framework for handling complex tasks. The approach extends the concept of Reward Machines (RM) with Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas that can be used for event generation.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ana María Gómez Ruiz , Thao Dang , Alexandre Donzé

Signal temporal logic (STL) is a powerful formalism for specifying various temporal properties in dynamical systems. However, existing methods, such as mixed-integer programming and nonlinear programming, often struggle to efficiently solve…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Yoshinari Takayama , Kazumune Hashimoto , Toshiyuki Ohtsuka

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

Time-series data can represent the behaviors of autonomous systems, such as drones and self-driving cars. The task of binary and multi-class classification for time-series data has become a prominent area of research. Neural networks…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-26 Danyang Li , Roberto Tron

Techniques based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) are increasingly being used to design control policies for robotic systems. RL fundamentally relies on state-based reward functions to encode desired behavior of the robot and bad reward…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Parv Kapoor , Anand Balakrishnan , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

We consider the notion of resilience for cyber-physical systems, that is, the ability of the system to withstand adverse events while maintaining acceptable functionality. We use finite temporal logic to express the requirements on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-01 Adnane Saoud , Pushpak Jagtap , Sadegh Soudjani

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on long-form, multi-step reasoning to solve complex tasks such as mathematical problem solving and scientific question answering. Despite strong performance, existing confidence estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhenjiang Mao , Anirudhh Venkat , Artem Bisliouk , Akshat Kothiyal , Sindhura Kumbakonam Subramanian , Saithej Singhu , Ivan Ruchkin

Autonomous agents often operate in uncertain environments where their decisions are made based on beliefs over states of targets. We are interested in controller synthesis for complex tasks defined over belief spaces. Designing such…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-30 Chanyeol Yoo , Calin Belta

Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) and Timed Propositional Temporal Logic (TPTL) extend Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) for real-time constraints, with MTL using time-bounded modalities and TPTL employing freeze quantifiers. Satisfiability for both is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Shankara Narayanan Krishna , Khushraj Madnani , Agnipratim Nag , Paritosh Pandya

Signal temporal logic (STL) provides a powerful, flexible framework for specifying complex autonomy tasks; however, existing methods for planning based on STL specifications have difficulty scaling to long-horizon tasks and are not robust…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Charles Dawson , Chuchu Fan

Online monitoring is an effective validation approach for hybrid systems, that, at runtime, checks whether the (partial) signals of a system satisfy a specification in, e.g., Signal Temporal Logic (STL). The classic STL monitoring is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-30 Zhenya Zhang , Jie An , Paolo Arcaini , Ichiro Hasuo

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful formal language for specifying real-time specifications of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Transforming specifications written in natural language into STL formulas automatically has attracted…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Fang , Jin Zhi , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan