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In this paper we study different restrictions imposed over the set of permutations of size $n$, $S_n$, and for specific classes of restrictions study the cycle structure of corresponding permutations. More specifically, we prove that for…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-01-30 Enes Ozel

Motivated by the recent proof of the Stanley-Wilf conjecture, we study the asymptotic behavior of the number of permutations avoiding a generalized pattern. Generalized patterns allow the requirement that some pairs of letters must be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sergi Elizalde

The Permutation Pattern Matching problem, asking whether a pattern permutation $\pi$ is contained in a permutation $\tau$, is known to be NP-complete. In this paper we present two polynomial time algorithms for special cases. The first…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Michael H. Albert , Marie-Louise Lackner , Martin Lackner , Vincent Vatter

A sample of n generic points in the xy-plane defines a permutation that relates their ranks along the two axes. Every subset of k points similarly defines a pattern, which occurs in that permutation. The number of occurrences of small…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Chaim Even-Zohar , Calvin Leng

Let $\pi_n$ be a uniformly chosen random permutation on $[n]$. The authors of [2] showed that the expected number of distinct consecutive patterns of all lengths $k\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ in $\pi_n$ was $\frac{n^2}{2}(1-o(1))$ as $n\to\infty$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Verónica Borrás-Serrano , Isabel Byrne , Anant Godbole , Nathaniel Veimau

In this paper, we study properties and patterns on permutations of multisets whose multivariate generating functions are symmetric. We interpret this phenomenon through the lens of group actions and define such a property or pattern as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Shaoshi Chen , Hanqian Fang , Sergey Kitaev

We use elementary methods to establish three key recurrence relations: one for derangement numbers, a second for harmonic numbers, and a third for degenerate harmonic numbers. Our results not only contribute to the understanding of the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-15 Taekyun Kim , Dae san Kim , Jongkyum Kwon , Kyo-Shin Hwang

A permutation $\pi$ contains a pattern $\sigma$ if and only if there is a subsequence in $\pi$ with its letters are in the same relative order as those in $\sigma$. Partially ordered patterns (POPs) provide a convenient way to denote…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-29 Kai Ting Keshia Yap , David Wehlau , Imed Zaguia

To flatten a set partition (with apologies to Mathematica) means to form a permutation by erasing the dividers between its blocks. Of course, the result depends on how the blocks are listed. For the usual listing--increasing entries in each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-02-18 David Callan

We present a generating function and a closed counting formula in two variables that enumerate a family of classes of permutations that avoid or contain an increasing pattern of length three and have a prescribed number of occurrences of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-12-25 Hilmar Gudmundsson

We find, in the form of a continued fraction, the generating function for the number of (132)-avoiding permutations that have a given number of (123) patterns, and show how to extend this to permutations that have exactly one (132) pattern.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Aaron Robertson , Herb Wilf , Doron Zeilberger

We present a bijection between 321- and 132-avoiding permutations that preserves the number of fixed points and the number of excedances. This gives a simple combinatorial proof of recent results of Robertson, Saracino and Zeilberger, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sergi Elizalde , Igor Pak

We enumerate and characterize some classes of alternating and reverse alternating involutions avoiding a single pattern of length three or four. If on one hand the case of patterns of length three is trivial, on the other hand, the length…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-20 Marilena Barnabei , Flavio Bonetti , Niccolò Castronuovo , Matteo Silimbani

We define a map between the set of permutations that avoid either the four patterns $3214,3241,4213,4231$ or $3124,3142,4123,4132$, and the set of Dyck prefixes. This map, when restricted to either of the two classes, turns out to be a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-10 Marilena Barnabei , Flavio Bonetti , Matteo Silimbani

Consider n unit intervals, say [1,2], [3,4], ..., [2n-1,2n]. Identify their endpoints in pairs at random, with all (2n-1)!! = (2n-1) (2n-3) ... 3 1 pairings being equally likely. The result is a collection of cycles of various lengths, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Nicholas Pippenger

Recently, Archer et al.\ studied cyclic permutations that avoid the decreasing pattern $\delta_k=k(k-1)\cdots21$ in one-line notation and avoid another pattern $\tau$ of length $4$ in all their cycle forms. There are three cases in total to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-09 Zuo-Ru Zhang , Hongkuan Zhao

Babson and Steingr\'{\i}msson introduced generalized permutation patterns that allow the requirement that two adjacent letters in a pattern must be adjacent in the permutation. We consider n-permutations that avoid the generalized pattern…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sergey Kitaev

Recently, Babson and Steingrimsson have introduced generalised permutation patterns that allow the requirement that two adjacent letters in a pattern must be adjacent in the permutation. We consider pattern avoidance for such patterns, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Anders Claesson

A permutation $\pi$ is said to avoid a chain $(\sigma:\tau)$ of patterns if $\pi$ avoids $\sigma$ and $\pi^2$ avoids $\tau.$ In this paper, we define a notion of pattern avoidance for compositions of positive integers and use that idea to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Kassie Archer , Noel Bourne

It is shown that the maximum number of patterns that can occur in a permutation of length $n$ is asymptotically $2^n$. This significantly improves a previous result of Coleman.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-02-14 M. H. Albert , Micah Coleman , Ryan Flynn , Imre Leader