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We present a self-contained introduction to the theory of chip-firing games on metric graphs, as well as the more recent theory of tropical Prym varieties. We briefly discuss the connection between these notions and their algebraic…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2024-11-01 Yoav Len

We prove that the difference between the paint number and the choice number of a complete bipartite graph $K_{N,N}$ is $\Theta(\log \log N )$. That answers the question of Zhu (2009) whether this difference, for all graphs, can be bounded…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-17 Lech Duraj , Grzegorz Gutowski , Jakub Kozik

A vertex $u$ in a graph $G$ totally dominates a vertex $v$ if $u$ is adjacent to $v$ in $G$. A total dominating set of $G$ is a set $S$ of vertices of $G$ such that every vertex of $G$ is totally dominated by a vertex in $S$. The indicated…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-02 Michael A. Henning , Douglas F. Rall

A fourientation of a graph is a choice for each edge of the graph whether to orient that edge in either direction, leave it unoriented, or biorient it. Fixing a total order on the edges and a reference orientation of the graph, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Spencer Backman , Sam Hopkins

We define rules for cellular automata played on quasiperiodic tilings of the plane arising from the multigrid method in such a way that these cellular automata are isomorphic to Conway's Game of Life. Although these tilings are nonperiodic,…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2017-08-31 Duane A. Bailey , Kathryn A. Lindsey

Unlike Whitney's definition of the corank-nullity generating function $T(G;x+1,y+1)$, Tutte's definition of his now eponymous polynomial $T(G;x,y)$ requires a total order on the edges of which the polynomial is a posteriori independent.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-11 Spencer Backman

We define a family of vertex colouring games played over a pair of graphs or digraphs $(G,H)$ by players $\forall$ and $\exists$. These games arise from work on a longstanding open problem in algebraic logic. It is conjectured that there is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-09 Rob Egrot , Robin Hirsch

We consider a simple game, the $k$-regular graph game, in which players take turns adding edges to an initially empty graph subject to the constraint that the degrees of vertices cannot exceed $k$. We show a sharp topological threshold for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-01-23 Alan Frieze , Wesley Pegden

In this paper we obtain the expectation and variance of the number of Euler tours of a random Eulerian directed graph with fixed out-degree sequence. We use this to obtain the asymptotic distribution of the number of Euler tours of a random…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Páidí Creed , Mary Cryan

In this article, we study directed graphs (digraphs) with a coloring constraint due to Von Neumann and related to Nim-type games. This is equivalent to the notion of kernels of digraphs, which appears in numerous fields of research such as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-02-06 Cyril Banderier , Jean-Marie Le Bars , Vlady Ravelomanana

We introduce the ``trivariate Tutte polynomial" of a signed graph as an invariant of signed graphs up to vertex switching that contains among its evaluations the number of proper colorings and the number of nowhere-zero flows. In this, it…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-01 Andrew Goodall , Bart Litjens , Guus Regts , Lluis Vena

Graph grammars form an interesting area of research because of their versatility in modelling diverse situations with graphs as the structures which are to be manipulated. A new class of graph grammars, nc-eNCE Graph Grammars has been…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Jayakrishna Vijayakumar , Lisa Mathew

In this thesis we study toric rank functions for chip firing games and prove special cases of a conjectural Riemann-Roch. The original motivation for an investigation into this area of study came for the adaptation (due to Matt Baker) of…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2022-07-13 Dalton Bidleman

A finite simple graph is called a 2-graph if all of its unit spheres S(x) are cyclic graphs of length 4 or larger. A 2-graph G is Eulerian if all vertex degrees of G are even. An edge refinement of a graph splits an edge (a,b) to two edges…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Oliver Knill

Turn-based discounted-sum games are two-player zero-sum games played on finite directed graphs. The vertices of the graph are partitioned between player 1 and player 2. Plays are infinite walks on the graph where the next vertex is decided…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Ali Asadi , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Raimundo Saona , Jakub Svoboda

A cycle $C$ in a graph $G$ is called a Tutte cycle if, after deleting $C$ from $G$, each component has at most three neighbors on $C$. Tutte cycles play an important role in the study of Hamiltonicity of planar graphs. Thomas and Yu and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-30 Michael C. Wigal , Xingxing Yu

We introduce a polynomial invariant of graphs on surfaces, $P_G$, generalizing the classical Tutte polynomial. Topological duality on surfaces gives rise to a natural duality result for $P_G$, analogous to the duality for the Tutte…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-13 Vyacheslav Krushkal

In the literature can be found several descriptions of the Tutte polynomial of graphs. Tutte defined it thanks to a notion of activity based on an ordering of the edges. Thereafter, Bernardi gave a non-equivalent notion of the activity…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-08 Julien Courtiel

In this paper, we find recursive formulas for the Tutte polynomial of a family of small-world networks: Farey graphs, which are modular and have an exponential degree hierarchy. Then, making use of these formulas, we determine the number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-06-17 Yunhua Liao , Yaoping Hou , Xiaoling Shen

The traditional game of cops and robbers is played on undirected graph. Recently, the same game played on directed graph is getting attention by more and more people. We knew that if we forbid some subgraph we can bound the cop number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-29 Mingrui Liu