Related papers: Dyck Words and Multi-Quark Primitive Amplitudes

We prove that the Lie algebra of primitive elements of a graded and connected bialgebra, free as an associative algebra, over a eld of characteristic zero, is a free Lie algebra. The main tool is a ltration, which allows to embed the…

Let Q be the set of primitive words over a finite alphabet with at least two symbols. We characterize a class of primitive words, Q_I, referred to as ins-robust primitive words, which remain primitive on insertion of any letter from the…

Let $q$ be a prime power and $n, r$ integers such that $r\mid q^n-1$. An element of $\mathbb{F}_{q^n}$ of multiplicative order $(q^n-1)/r$ is called \emph{$r$-primitive}. For any odd prime power $q$, we show that there exists a…

We obtain upper bounds on the composition length of a finite permutation group in terms of the degree and the number of orbits, and analogous bounds for primitive, quasiprimitive and semiprimitive groups. Similarly, we obtain upper bounds…

A set of positive integers is primitive (or 1-primitive) if no member divides another. Erd\H{o}s proved in 1935 that the weighted sum $\sum1/(n \log n)$ for $n$ ranging over a primitive set $A$ is universally bounded over all choices for…

Using the properties of the ideal of the coordinate Hermite interpolation on n-dimensional grid [4], we prove that the extension k in k[x1, x2, ..., xn] / (f1(x1), ..., fn(xn)) has a primitive element if and only if at most one of the…

We present an algorithm to explore various properties of the numerical semigroups with a given maximum primitive. In particular, we count the number of such numerical semigroups and verify that there is no counterexample to Wilf's…

In this note we study tree-level scattering amplitudes of gravitons under a natural deformation which in the large $z$ limit can be interpreted either as a $k$-hard-particle limit or as a $(n-k)$-soft-particle limit. When $k=2$ this becomes…

In this paper, we study the single and double soft behaviors of tree level off-shell currents and on-shell amplitudes in nonlinear sigma model(NLSM). We first propose and prove the leading soft behavior of the tree level currents with a…

Let $G$ be a finite group. We show that the order of the subgroup generated by coprime $\gamma_k$-commutators (respectively $\delta_k$-commutators) is bounded in terms of the size of the set of coprime $\gamma_k$-commutators (respectively…

Waring's classical problem deals with expressing every natural number as a sum of g(k) k-th powers. Recently there has been considerable interest in similar questions for nonabelian groups, and simple groups in particular. Here the k-th…

In this paper, a computationally simple and explicit method of constructing recursive sequence of primitive polynomials of degree $n2^k (k = 1, 2, 3,\ldots)$ over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ is given.

We study primitive divisors of terms of the sequence P_n=n^2+b, for a fixed integer b which is not a negative square. It seems likely that the number of terms with a primitive divisor has a natural density. This seems to be a difficult…

We investigate the construction of circulant matrices derived from primitive roots over finite fields. Our approach reduces exponential sums to Jacobi sums, thereby establishing explicit connections between character theory and matrix…

Dolfi, Guralnick, Praeger and Spiga asked if there exist infinitely many primitive groups of twisted wreath type with nontrivial coprime subdegrees. Here we settle this question in the affirmative. We construct infinite families of…

A permutation of n letters is k-prolific if each (n-k)-subset of the letters in its one-line notation forms a unique pattern. We present a complete characterization of k-prolific permutations for each k, proving that k-prolific permutations…

In the presence of a static quark--antiquark pair, the spectrum of the low-lying states in SU($N$) gauge theories is discrete and likely to be described, at large quark separations $r$, by an effective string theory. The expansion of the…

We discuss several two-dimensional generalizations of the familiar Lyndon-Schutzenberger periodicity theorem for words. We consider the notion of primitive array (as one that cannot be expressed as the repetition of smaller arrays). We…

An unambiguous definition of Feynman amplitudes in the Wess-Zumino-Witten sigma model and the Chern-Simon gauge theory with a general Lie group is determined by a certain geometric structure on the group. For the WZW amplitudes, this is a…

Let $\sigma(n)$ to be the sum of the positive divisors of $n$. A number is non-deficient if $\sigma(n) \geq 2n$. We establish new lower bounds for the number of distinct prime factors of an odd non-deficient number in terms of its second…