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The Turing completeness of continuous chemical reaction networks (CRNs) states that any computable real function can be computed by a continuous CRN on a finite set of molecular species, possibly restricted to elementary reactions, i.e.…
The Turing completeness of continuous Chemical Reaction Networks (CRNs) states that any computable real function can be computed by a continuous CRN on a finite set of molecular species, possibly restricted to elementary reactions, i.e.…
We introduce a new model of \emph{step} Chemical Reaction Networks (step CRNs), motivated by the step-wise addition of materials in standard lab procedures. Step CRNs have ordered reactants that transform into products via reaction rules…
We explore the range of probabilistic behaviours that can be engineered with Chemical Reaction Networks (CRNs). We show that at steady state CRNs are able to "program" any distribution with finite support in $\mathbb{N}^m$, with $m \geq 1$.…
Stochastic evolution of Chemical Reactions Networks (CRNs) over time is usually analysed through solving the Chemical Master Equation (CME) or performing extensive simulations. Analysing stochasticity is often needed, particularly when some…
We consider how to generate chemical reaction networks (CRNs) from functional specifications. We propose a two-stage approach that combines synthesis by satisfiability modulo theories and Markov chain Monte Carlo based optimisation. First,…
Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are foundational models for describing complex biochemical processes. We study noncompetitive CRNs, a class of networks whose static states are rate-independent, and that can implement ReLU neural networks.…
We present a uniform method for translating an arbitrary nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) into a deterministic mass action input/output chemical reaction network (I/O CRN) that simulates it. The I/O CRN receives its input as a…
Motivation: A Chemical Reaction Network (CRN) is a set of chemical reactions, which can be very complex and difficult to analyze. Indeed, dynamical properties of CRNs can be described by a set of non-linear differential equations that…
We mathematically prove that chemical reaction networks without hidden layers can solve tasks for which spiking neural networks require hidden layers. Our proof uses the deterministic mass-action kinetics formulation of chemical reaction…
Analysis of large continuous-time stochastic systems is a computationally intensive task. In this work we focus on population models arising from chemical reaction networks (CRNs), which play a fundamental role in analysis and design of…
Inspired by Anderson et al. [J. R. Soc. Interface, 2014] we study the long-term behavior of discrete chemical reaction networks (CRNs). In particular, using techniques from both Petri net theory and CRN theory, we provide a powerful…
This paper studies the (discrete) \emph{chemical reaction network (CRN)} computational model that emerged in the last two decades as an abstraction for molecular programming. The correctness of CRN protocols is typically established under…
Artificial neural networks (NNs) can be implemented using chemical reaction networks (CRNs), where the concentrations of species act as inputs and outputs. In such biochemical computing, noise-robust computing is crucial due to the…
Molecular computation based on chemical reaction networks (CRNs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for designing programmable biochemical systems. However, the implementation of complex computations still requires excessively large and…
Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) provide a convenient language for modelling a broad variety of biological systems. These models are commonly studied with respect to the time series they generate in deterministic or stochastic simulations.…
Robustness is an observable property for which a chemical reaction network (CRN) can maintain its functionalities despite the influence of different perturbations. In general, to verify whether a network is robust, it is necessary to…
This paper is concerned with programming adaptive linear neural networks (ALNNs) using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) equipped with mass-action kinetics. Through individually programming the forward propagation and the backpropagation of…
A chemical reaction network (CRN) is composed of reactions that can be seen as interactions among entities called species, which exist within the system. Endowed with kinetics, CRN has a corresponding set of ordinary differential equations…
Information processing relying on biochemical interactions in the cellular environment is essential for biological organisms. The implementation of molecular computational systems holds significant interest and potential in the fields of…