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This paper is concerned with programming adaptive linear neural networks (ALNNs) using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) equipped with mass-action kinetics. Through individually programming the forward propagation and the backpropagation of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-04-14 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao

The Chemical Reaction Network (CRN) is a well-studied model that describes the interaction of molecules in well-mixed solutions. In 2014, Qian and Winfree [22] proposed the abstract surface chemical reaction network model (sCRN), which…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Yi-Xuan Lee , Ho-Lin Chen

Understanding the emergent behavior of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) is a fundamental aspect of biology and its origin from inanimate matter. A closed CRN monotonically tends to thermal equilibrium, but when it is opened to external…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-16 Masanari Shimada , Pegah Behrad , Eric De Giuli

Random graph models have been instrumental in characterizing complex networks, but chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are better represented as hypergraphs. Traditional models of random CRNs often reduce CRNs to bipartite graphs,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-15 Shesha Gopal Marehalli Srinivas , Massimiliano Esposito , Nahuel Freitas

In this paper, it is presented a methodology for implementing arbitrarily constructed time-homogenous Markov chains with biochemical systems. Not only discrete but also continuous-time Markov chains are allowed to be computed. By employing…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-16 Chuan Zhang , Ziyuan Shen , Wei Wei , Jing Zhao , Zaichen Zhang , Xiaohu You

Many important phenomena in biochemistry and biology exploit dynamical features such as multi-stability, oscillations, and chaos. Construction of novel chemical systems with such rich dynamics is a challenging problem central to the fields…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-04 Alexander Dack , Benjamin Qureshi , Thomas E. Ouldridge , Tomislav Plesa

Chemical Reaction Networks (CRNs) provide a useful abstraction of molecular interaction networks in which molecular structures as well as mass conservation principles are abstracted away to focus on the main dynamical properties of the…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-31 Elisabeth Degrand , François Fages , Sylvain Soliman

Chemical reaction networks, or CRNs, are known to stably compute semilinear Boolean-valued predicates and functions, provided that all reactions are irreversible. However, this property does not hold for wet-lab implementations, as all…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ravi Kini , David Doty

Motivation: A Chemical Reaction Network (CRN) is a set of chemical reactions, which can be very complex and difficult to analyze. Indeed, dynamical properties of CRNs can be described by a set of non-linear differential equations that…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Lucia Nasti , Roberta Gori , Paolo Milazzo , Federico Poloni

We address a fundamental question: under which conditions do the dynamics and thermodynamics of open chemical reaction networks (CRNs), grounded on the notion of idealized chemostats that exchange selected species, emerge from underlying…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-17 Benedikt Remlein , Massimiliano Esposito , Francesco Avanzini

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are prototypical complex systems because reactions are nonlinear and connected in intricate ways, and they are also essential to understand living systems. Here, I discuss how recent developments in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-12-23 Massimiliano Esposito

We investigate the dynamics of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) with the goal of deriving an upper bound on their reaction rates. This task is challenging due to the nonlinear nature and discrete structure inherent in CRNs. To address…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Tsuyoshi Mizohata , Tetsuya J. Kobayashi , Louis-S. Bouchard , Hideyuki Miyahara

Molecular computation based on chemical reaction networks (CRNs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for designing programmable biochemical systems. However, the implementation of complex computations still requires excessively large and…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-17 Renlei Jiang , Yuzhen Fan , Di Fan , Chuanhou Gao , Denis Dochain

Continuous-time Markov chains are frequently used as stochastic models for chemical reaction networks, especially in the growing field of systems biology. A fundamental problem for these Stochastic Chemical Reaction Networks (SCRNs) is to…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-12 Felipe A. Campos , Simone Bruno , Yi Fu , Domitilla Del Vecchio , Ruth J. Williams

Chemical reactor networks (CRNs) enable simulations of combustion reactors with detailed chemical kinetics and strongly simplified flow structure. In this paper, the implementation of a reactor component with less idealized flow structure,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-05-22 Lisanne Gossel , Mathis Fricke , Dieter Bothe

Chemical reaction networks (CRN) comprise an important class of models to understand biological functions such as cellular information processing, the robustness and control of metabolic pathways, circadian rhythms, and many more. However,…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-25 Dimitri Loutchko , Yuki Sughiyama , Tetsuya J. Kobayashi

Artificial neural networks (NNs) can be implemented using chemical reaction networks (CRNs), where the concentrations of species act as inputs and outputs. In such biochemical computing, noise-robust computing is crucial due to the…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-17 Sunghwa Kang , Jinsu Kim

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are foundational models for describing complex biochemical processes. We study noncompetitive CRNs, a class of networks whose static states are rate-independent, and that can implement ReLU neural networks.…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-22 Louis Faul , Xavier Richard , Mary Betrisey , Christian Mazza

Embedding computation in biochemical environments incompatible with traditional electronics is expected to have wide-ranging impact in synthetic biology, medicine, nanofabrication and other fields. Natural biochemical systems are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Marko Vasic , Cameron Chalk , Austin Luchsinger , Sarfraz Khurshid , David Soloveichik

This paper presents new results about the optimization based generation of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) of higher deficiency. Firstly, it is shown that the graph structure of the realization containing the maximal number of reactions…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2011-03-23 Gabor Szederkenyi , Katalin M. Hangos , Tamas Peni