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Markov decision processes (MDPs) are widely used for modeling decision-making problems in robotics, automated control, and economics. Traditional MDPs assume that the decision maker (DM) knows all states and actions. However, this may not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Joseph Y. Halpern , Nan Rong , Ashutosh Saxena

Markov decision processes (MDPs) are widely used for modeling decision-making problems in robotics, automated control, and economics. Traditional MDPs assume that the decision maker (DM) knows all states and actions. However, this may not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-06-14 Joseph Y. Halpern , Nan Rong , Ashutosh Saxena

We introduce a way to compare actions in decision problems. One action is safer than another if the set of beliefs at which the decision-maker prefers the safer action expands as the decision-maker becomes more risk averse. We provide a…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-02-19 Marilyn Pease , Mark Whitmeyer

Knowledge constitutes the accumulated understanding and experience that humans use to gain insight into the world. In deep learning, prior knowledge is essential for mitigating shortcomings of data-driven models, such as data dependence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Hao Xu , Yuntian Chen , Dongxiao Zhang

This paper investigates a purely qualitative version of Savage's theory for decision making under uncertainty. Until now, most representation theorems for preference over acts rely on a numerical representation of utility and uncertainty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-30 Helene Fargier , Patrice Perny

Noninterference provides a control over information flow in a system for ensuring confidentiality and integrity properties. In the literature this notion has been well studied as transitive noninterference and intransitive noninterference.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-03-23 Chenyi Zhang

Expectation is a central notion in probability theory. The notion of expectation also makes sense for other notions of uncertainty. We introduce a propositional logic for reasoning about expectation, where the semantics depends on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Joseph Y. Halpern , Riccardo Pucella

This essay looks at decision-making with interval-valued probability measures. Existing decision methods have either supplemented expected utility methods with additional criteria of optimality, or have attempted to supplement the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Ronald P. Loui

Ambiguity and ambiguity aversion have been widely studied in decision theory and economics both at a theoretical and an experimental level. After Ellsberg's seminal studies challenging subjective expected utility theory (SEUT), several…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-03-20 Diederik Aerts , Sandro Sozzo

The paper starts with the proposal that the cause of the apparent insolubility of the free-will problem are several popular but strongly metaphysical notions and hypotheses. To reduce the metaphysics, some ideas are borrowed from physics. A…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Petr Hajicek

Entropic uncertainty relations provide an information-theoretic framework for quantifying the fundamental indeterminacy inherent in quantum mechanics. We propose more stringent quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relations for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Qing-Hua Zhang , Cong Xu , Jing-Feng Wu , Shao-Ming Fei

When we experience an event, it feels like our previous experiences, our interpretations of that event (e.g., aesthetics, emotions), and our current state will determine how we will remember it. However, recent work has revealed a strong…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-15 Wilma A. Bainbridge

Possibility theory offers a framework where both Lehmann's "preferential inference" and the more productive (but less cautious) "rational closure inference" can be represented. However, there are situations where the second inference does…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Salem Benferhat , Didier Dubois , Henri Prade

In a recent paper, Kit Fine presents some striking results concerning the logical properties of (first-order) ignorance, second-order ignorance and Rumsfeld ignorance. However, Rumsfeld ignorance is definable in terms of ignorance, which…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-07-25 Jie Fan

In logic programming under the answer set semantics, preferences on rules are used to choose which of the conflicting rules are applied. Many interesting semantics have been proposed. Brewka and Eiter's Principle I expresses the basic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Alexander Šimko

We study players interacting under the veil of ignorance, who have -- coarse -- beliefs represented as subsets of opponents' actions. We analyze when these players follow $\max \min$ or $\max\max$ decision criteria, which we identify with…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-11-10 Pierfrancesco Guarino , Gabriel Ziegler

Evidence-based decision-making entails collecting (costly) observations about an underlying phenomenon of interest, and subsequently committing to an (informed) decision on the basis of accumulated evidence. In this setting, active sensing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-26 Daniel Jarrett , Mihaela van der Schaar

This paper is concerned with learning decision makers' preferences using data on observed choices from a finite set of risky alternatives. We propose a discrete choice model with unobserved heterogeneity in consideration sets and in…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-01-07 Levon Barseghyan , Francesca Molinari , Matthew Thirkettle

We introduce a new semantics for a multi-agent epistemic operator of knowing how, based on an indistinguishability relation between plans. Our proposal is, arguably, closer to the standard presentation of knowing that modalities in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Carlos Areces , Raul Fervari , Andrés R. Saravia , Fernando R. Velázquez-Quesada

The multifaceted nature of subjective experience poses a challenge to the study of consciousness. Traditional neuroscientific approaches often concentrate on isolated facets, such as perceptual awareness or the global state of consciousness…